This study aimed to prepare caffeine (CAF) loaded spanlastic nanovesicles for topical use in order to achieve deep skin penetration and to enhance CAF skin retention by developing a sustained release formulation. Vesicles were prepared with various ratios of span 60: different edge activators (EAs) including (Tween 60, Tween 80 and Tween 20) using thin film hydration technique. The prepared formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency% (EE %), particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI) in order to determine the optimum formulation. The optimized formulation F4 (composed of Span 60 and Tween 80 as edge activator at weight ratio of 9:1, respectively) exhibited high EE% (60.77±2.45%), PS (372.63±3.58 nm) which is suitable for topical drug delivery and its PDI value (0.529±0.10) indicated uniform particle size distribution. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray Powder..........

Key Words: Caffeine, Edge activator, Nanovesicles, Skin retention, Spanlastics.

[1]. Kakkar, S., & Kaur, I. P., Spanlastics—A novel nanovesicular carrier system for ocular delivery, International journal of pharmaceutics, 413(1-2), 2011, 202-210.
[2]. Tan, X., Feldman, S. R., Chang, J., & Balkrishnan, R.,Topical drug delivery systems in dermatology: a review of patient adherence issues, Expert opinion on drug delivery, 9(10), 2012, 1263-1271.
[3]. Singh Malik, D., Mital, N., & Kaur, G., Topical drug delivery systems: a patent review, Expert opinion on therapeutic patents, 26(2), 2016, 213-228.
[4]. Hironaka, K., Inokuchi, Y., Tozuka, Y., Shimazawa, M., Hara, H., & Takeuchi, H., Design and evaluation of a liposomal delivery system targeting the posterior segment of the eye, Journal of controlled release, 136(3), 2009, 247-253.

Sumatriptan is having high first pass metabolism leading to low bioavailability (absolute Bioavailability 14% in humans).So there is a need to improve the nasal bioavailability by improving nasal penetration because of long duration of retention. The prolonged residence of drug formulation in the nasal cavity is of utmost importance for intranasal drug delivery.The objective of this work was to improve the nasal bioavailability of antimigraine drug, Sumatriptan Succinate by increasing its nasal retention time as well as by means of nasal permeation.To improve the nasal retention time of Sumatriptan Succinate, it has been formulated as In-situ mucoadhesive gel by using blend of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC K4 M. The in vitro tests performed for mucoadhesive strength and drug diffusion showed that nasal In-situ gelling formulations prepared were having good mucoadhesive strength with very good drug diffusion..........

Key Words: Nasal drug delivery,Poloxamer 407, HPMC K4 M, Sumatriptan succinate.

[1]. Caro JJ, Getsios D; Pharmacoeconomic evidence and considerations for triptan treatment of migraine;Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy; 2002; 237–248.
[2]. Zhou M and DonovanMD; Intranasal mucocilliary clearance of putative bioadhesive polymer gels; Int. J. Pharm; 1996; Vol.135:115- 125.
[3]. HusainA, Hirai S and BawarshiR; Nasal absorption of propanolol from different dosage forms by rats and dogs;J Pharm Sci;1980; Vol.69: 1411-1413.
[4]. Shimoda N,IgusaK; Antianemic nasal-bedgelcontaininghumanerythropoietin.;Ger.Offen;1987;DE3:618,561.
[5]. ZirinisP;Nasalaqueousgelsandpellets containingpeptides;FrenchPatent;1995; FR 2:710,529.

The objective of the present study was to develop floating drug delivery system(FDDS) of rosuvastatin calcium is one method to accomplish tedious gastric residence times, provide convinience for both local & systemic drug action. Thus, gastroretention could help to provide higher availability of new products and subsequently improved therapeutic activity and considerable benefits to patients. In this article aims at summarizing the floating drug delivery system along with types, access for designing the floating dosage form, advantages & disadvantages of FDDS. In this article, aims to maintain increasing floating retention time at the gastric site to reinforce the bioavailability and release rate of drug. The floating dosage form was processed by direct compression method adopting sodium bicarbonate..........

Keywords: Floating drug delivery, matrix, compression, in-vitro, gastric residence time

[1]. A.Pandey, A Review on current approaches in Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Science, (2012),2(4).
[2]. Chein YW, Potential developments and new approaches in Oral Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, (1983), p.1294-1330
[3]. S.Gopalakrishnan, Floating Drug Delivery Systems/ Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Vol. 3 (2), 2011,548-554.
[4]. R. Garg, G.D. Gupta, Progress in controlled Gastro Retentive Delivery Systems, Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 7 (3) (2008),1055–1066.
[5]. Chein YW, Controlled and Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. New York: Dekker; 1990, p.281-313.

The increasing rates of hospital infections and bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics have created huge problem in the management of different infections. The objective of this study was to identify isolated pathogens from swab samples of postoperative woundstaken at a tertiary care hospital in Stipandto determine microbial susceptibility to antibiotics. Therefore, a total of 139 wound swab samples from two different departments (surgery and orthopedics) at a tertiary care hospital were processed using standard microbiological techniques. The colonies grown were identified based on colony morphology, Gram stains, and biochemical tests for accurate microbial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. Among total 139 wound swab samples processed, from a total of 2344 operated patients, 100 samples (4,3%) were culture..........

Keywords: swab; postoperative wounds; antimicrobial susceptibility; bacterial resistance, multidrug resistance

[1]. Belbase et al. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm production among the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pus/wound swab samples in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (2017) 16:15
[2]. Deotale V, Mendiratta DK, Raut U, Narang P. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2010;28:124–6.
[3]. Bessa et al. Bacterial isolates from infected wounds and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern: some remarks about wound infection. International Wound Journal., 2015;12(1):47-52
[4]. Kovalchuk P. Valentine and Kondratiuk M. Viacheslav. Bacterial flora of combat wounds from eastern Ukraine and time-specified changes of bacterial recovery during treatment in Ukrainian military hospital. BMC Research Notes (2017) 10:152

Ononis spinosa was traditionally used as antitussive, aperient, diuretic and lithontripic. Ononis spinosa infusion was used in the treatment of dropsy, urinary tract infections, inflammations and rheumatism, while, it externally, used for the healing of wounds, eczema and the other skin disorders. It contained flavonoids, phenolic acids, volatile oil, spinonin glycoside, sterols, lectins, tannins and minerals. The pharmacological studies showed that it possessed diuretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, dermatological, anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. The current review highlighted the traditional uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ononis spinosa.

Keywords: Ononis spinosa, traditional uses, constituents, pharmacological effects

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. The Pharmacological importance of Bauhinia variegata. A Review. Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research 2013; 4(12): 160-164.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. The medical benefit of Gnaphalium luteoalbum-A review. IOSR Journal of pharmacy 2019; 9(5): 40-44.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lythrum salicaria - A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2019; 9(6): 51-59.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Medical benefit of Malva neglecta - A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2019; 9(6): 60-67.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. A review on Lagerstroemia indica: A potential medicinal plant. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2019; 9(6): 36-42.