Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease and currently cardiovascular complications in the diabetes are the leading cause of death in the worldwide. The macro-vascular and micro- vascular complications are observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic individuals which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in all the diabetic population. This review is based on type of diabetes mellitus, causes, pathophysiology involved in the diabetes mellitus and in cardiovascular complications, treatment and prevention strategies involved in diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, WHO Classification, Epidemiology, Mechanism of Cardiovascular complications, Treatment.

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The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of aqueous methanolic extracts of Moringaoleifera seeds and leaves was examined against some beta lactam resistant bacteria ( E. coli, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus). The antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts was evaluated by the zone of inhibitions. Bioassay was also used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the leaf and seed extracts. Seed extracts at 1000μg/ml has the highest activity against Salmonella spp(20mm), Shigellaspp(16mm), E.coli(24mm) and Staphylococcus aureus(19mm).The LD50 of both the seed extracts at P≤0.05. Toxicity increases as the concentration increases. The high antimicrobial activity of the extracts and its inherent low cytotoxic effect makes Moringaoleifera a substitute to the Beta lactam resistance menace.

Keywords: Moringaoleifera, Beta lactam resistance, Cytotoxicity, Antibiotics, Antimicrobials.

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Heard immunity is referred to the overall level of immunity in a community and is relevant in the control of pandemic diseases. When herd immunity is low, pandemics are likely to occur on introduction of suitable pathogens. The terms herd immunity means that a large proportion of individual in a community are immune to pathogens.

Keywords: immunity, resistance, pathogens, community

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Drug-drug interactions(DDI) are one of the commonest causes of medication error, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. Drug interactions represent factors of uncertainty in many therapeutic situations. Drug–drug interactions can cause profound clinical effects, either by reducing therapeutic efficacy or enhancing toxicity of drugs. With an increasing frequency in polypharmacy, DDIs are one of the major causes for drug withdrawal from the market. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. Although DDIs can result in alterations of either drug pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics(PD), or both, it is the pharmacokinetic drug interactions that is clinically significant....

Keywords:Drug-drug interaction, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Polypharmacy

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Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic is causing havoc to human life and economy in Brazil. This study estimated the discounted pecuniary value of human life (TPVHL) losses associated with COVID-19 in Brazil. Materials and Methods: The human capital approach appraised the TPVHL of the 36,044 human lives lost to COVID-19 in Brazil by 7 June 2020. The model was estimated five times. First, with a 3% discount rate and Brazil's life expectancy at birth of 75.1 years. Second, using a 5% discount rate, holding Brazil's life expectancy constant at 75.1 years. Third, utilising a 10% discount rate, maintaining Brazil's life expectancy at 75.1 years. Fourth, with the global average life expectancy at birth of 72 years, holding discount rate constant at 3%. Fifth, applying the world highest average life expectancy at birth of 87.1 years, keeping the 3% discount rate.........

Keywords: Brazil; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Value of human life; Gross domestic product.

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Safe use and storage of drugs is essential. Temperature extremes might affect their stability, especially in drugs that require specific storage conditions. Temperature variations have an impact on drugs used in an out-of-hospital setting, with the focus on high temperatures, although its significance is unclear. Our study aims to answer the question whether the drugs used in the Dutch helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) undergo temperature changes according to the outside temperatures.This was achieved by placing four temperature loggers inside drug bags carried by the HEMS-personnel to record the temperature for one year. Mean kinetic temperatures (MKTs) were calculated per day and compared to outside temperatures. We conducted a review of the literature to analyzethe possible impact of temperature changes on drugs.Subsequently, local practicewas reviewed.........

Keywords: Drug storage  Emergency medical services  Temperature  Mean kinetic temperature  Maritime climate

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