Background: Upper respiratory tract infections, one of which is pharyngitis, is increasing worldwide caused by infection with the Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. The sambungnyawa has been tested, and the results can be used as an antioxidant and antibacterial because it has phenolic and flavonoid compounds Materials and Methods:The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of 70% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract and sambungnyawa chloroform extract. The method used to test the antioxidant activity was the DPPH method, and the antibacterial activity test using microdilution was performed on Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria........

KEYWORDS: Antioxidant; antibacterial; sambungnyawa; Streptococcus pyogenes

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[2]. Furuse Y, Tamaki R, Suzuki A, Kamigaki T, Okamoto M, Saito-Obata M, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with acute respiratory viral infections in the Philippines: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]. 2021;27(7):1037.e9-1037.e14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.017
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The production of free radicals in excess of the need can trigger degenerative diseases, so antioxidant compounds are needed that inhibit damage caused by free radical oxidation. Bixa orellana L. contains the compound bixin which is known to have antioxidant properties. To increase the stability and acceptability of bixin compounds, the microencapsulation method using gum arabic and maltodextrin was used. This study aims to determine the comparison of the formula of the petroleum ether fraction and bixin isolate with gum arabic and maltodextrin encapsulants. The concentrations of gum arabic and maltodextrin used were 2.78% and 17.22%, respectively. The formulation was made with petroleum ether fraction (F1) and isolate bixin (F2). Evaluations carried out on the results were microcapsule yield, microcapsule moisture, microcapsule solubility, flow rate, and microcapsule efficiency. The results of the T-test showed that the results of the solubility test and flow rate were significantly different, while the microcapsule efficiency test was not significantly different.

Keywords: Bixa orellana L., petroleum ether fraction, bixin isolate, microencapsulation.

[1] M. Carocho and I. C. F. R. Ferreira, "A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: Natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives," Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 15–25, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/J.FCT.2012.09.021.
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[3] D. de A. Vilar et al., "Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities of Bixa orellana L.: A Review," Sci. World J., vol. 2014, pp. 1–11, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/857292.
[4] T. Van Cuong and K. B. Chin, "Effects of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) Seeds Powder on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pork Patties during Refrigerated Storage," Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour., vol. 36, no. 4, p. 476, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.5851/KOSFA.2016.36.4.476.
[5] Shahid-ul-Islam, L. J. Rather, and F. Mohammad, "Phytochemistry, biological activities and potential of annatto in natural colorant production for industrial applications – A review," J. Adv. Res., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 499–514, May 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.JARE.2015.11.002.

Background: The use of medicinal plants as traditional medicine in Indonesia has increased from year to year. One of the plants that can be used as a medicinal plant is the leaves of taro (Colocacia esculenta L.). This study aims to find out the potential antibacterial activity of granule effervescent 4th fraction of taro leaf ethanol extract (Colocacia esculenta L.) against Gram Negative bacteria on Pharmaceutical, KLT-Bioautography, and Agar Diffusion. Result: The results of the 4th fraction effervescent granule test pharmaceutical using wet granulation have good pharmaceutic properties based on the silent angle test = 32.087°, flow time = 7.687 seconds, alir speed = 4.772 g/s and foam stopping time = 32.33. The results of Effervescent......

Keywords: Talas (Colocacia esculenta L.) Leaves, 4th Fraction Effervescent Granule, Antibacterial.

[1]. Bhagyashree R.P. 2011. Antihepatotoxic Activity Of Colocasia esculenta Leaf Juice. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 2(2). Page: 296-304. [2]. Baits M., Herwin, Ririn. 2016. Aktivitas Aantibakteri Fraksi-Fraksi Daun Colocacia esculenta L. Terhadap Salmonella thypi dan Staphylococcus aureus Secara Bioautography-TLC. Jurnal Ilmiah As-Syifaa, Vol. 8(2). Page: 92-97.
[3]. Lewu, M.N., Adebola, P.O. and Afolayan, A. J. 2009. Effect of cooking on the proximate composition of the leaves of some accessions of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in KwaZulu- Natal province of South Africa' African J. of Biotechnology, 8(8). Page: 1619-1622.
[4]. Tuse T.A., Harle U.N., Bore V.V. 2009. Hepatoprotective activity of Colocasia antiquorum against experimentally induced liver injury in rats' Malyasian J pharma sci, Vol 7, No. 2, 99-112.
[5]. Baits M., Herwin, Ririn. 2016. Preparasi Dan Evaluasi Granul Effervescent Ekstrak Etanol Daun Talas (Colocacia esculenta L.) Dengan Variasi Kosentrasi Ekstrak. Procedding Seminar Nasional STIFA Makassar. ISSN : 9772338097007. Page : 86-89.

Hypersensitivity reactions can occur in any mode of application and to almost all antibiotics. The purpose of the study was to determine which groups of antibiotics most often cause allergic reactions, and to determine statistically significant differences in the occurrence of allergic reactions to antibiotics between boys and girls of the same age, whether there are differences in the occurrence of allergic reactions between respondents in urban and rural areas. The sample consists of 1605 respondents, the sample was randomly selected and stratified by sex, and all data were processed in the statistical program. The results of the research show that 9,1 % of the total population of boys and girls aged 15 from the Tuzla.........

KEYWORDS: allergies; antibiotics; male and female population; urban and suburban areas

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The results of the research show that the largest number of respondents from the area of the city of Tuzla, suburbs and rural settlements used antibiotic therapy. Self-initiated use of therapy is present in both observed groups, but a higher percentage was recorded in the group of girls. In the suburbs, this percentage is approximately the same in both groups, in the group of boys and in the group of girls, and is twice as high as in peers from urban areas. In the population from rural settlements, the percentage of self-initiated use of antibiotic therapy is significantly lower than in urban areas.........

KEYWORDS: age, antibiotic therapy,urban and suburban area.

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Cryptolepis buchananii , family- Asclepiadaceae is reported to possess a number of medicinal properties including jaundice, cooling effect, for polyuria, hemorrhage, gout, wounds, leprosy, dysentery, cough, bronchitis, leucorrhoea, uterine hemorrhage, dysuria and blood diseases, skin diseases, vomiting, poisoning, chronic rheumatism. The aim and the objective of the study is to evaluate the in vitro Anti-oxidant and in vivo Hepatoprotective activity of alcohol and aqueous extracts of roots of Cryptolepis buchananii. A phytochemical investigation was carried out to identify various constituents present in extracts and found to contain alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, and saponins..........

KEYWORDS: Cryptolepis buchananii : CCL4, Paracetamol, SGOT, SGPT, ALP ,Bilirubin, Total Protein, DPPH, Ascorbic acid:H2O2,FRAP.

[1]. P. Laupattarakasem, T. Wangsrimongkol, R. Surarit, and C. Hahnvajanawong, "In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of Cryptolepis buchanani," Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006 Dec 108(3) : 349–54.

[2]. W. Wuthithammawēt, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. Collection of Thai Pharmaceutical Principles, Samnakphim Odian Sato, Krung Thep MahaNakhon, Bangkok, 1997. DOI: 10.1155/2014/978582

[3]. P. Laupattarakasem, P. J. Houghton, J. R. S. Hoult, and A. Itharat, "An evaluation of the activity related to inflammation of four plants used in Thailand to treat arthritis," Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 -month 85: (2-3):207–15.

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Coronavirus (CoV) is a large family of positive sense, single stranded RiboNuclicAcid (RNA) viruses that belong to the Nidovirales order. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a current pandemic. It commonly manifests with fever, dyspnoea, and cough. Few COVID-19 patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) have been reported. The severe inflammatory response and the critically-ill nature of many COVID-19 patients is a challenge to distinguish GBS from critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. The respiratory failure is generally related to a worse outcome in GBS. GBS is a disorder in which the immune system attacks gangliosides on the peripheral nervous system. It presents with ascending weakness and can cause total body paralysis and respiratory failure in severe cases.........

KEYWORDS: COVID 19, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Paralysis, Immune system, Nervous system, Respiratory failure and Plasma exchange.

[1]. Fehr AR, Perlman S: Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2015, 1282:1-23. 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.

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Background: The consumption of dietary supplements (DS) has noticeably increased among men and women in Benghazi- Libya. DS are widely available in the market with poor regulations and guidance. However, Data on DS consumption in Libya is insufficient. Objectives: To explore the prevalence of DS use at University of Benghazi medical campus, types of DS used, and reasons for using DS. Material and Methods: This is a cross sectional study in which data were collected from 253 participants from the School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and School of Public health at University of Benghazi. The study was conducted for one month using an electronic questionnaire..........

KEYWORDS: Dietary supplements, multivitamins and minerals, performance, supplements.

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