Niosomes are self-assembled vesicles (nonionic surfactant) which are synthesized by hydration of synthetic non-ionic surfactants with or without incorporation of cholesterol or other lipids. These are similar to liposomes because of the vesicular system and they are used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are proved to be a promising drug carrier because they have the ability to encapsulate different types of drugs within their multi-environmental structure. These non-ionic surfactant vesicles (Niosomes) have drawn a lot of importance in the area of modern drug delivery systems or target- specific drug delivery system. Niosomes as a drug carrier which improves the bioavailability of drugs and thus increase penetration through the skin. This review will focus on Niosomes, method of preparation of niosomes and its application in various fields. Formulating niosomes would be promising guide for the carrier system in novel drug delivery and thereby reduce the side effects of drugs and increase the therapeutic effects in various diseases.

KEYWORDS: Novel drug delivery, Niosomes, Characterization, Application

[1]. Lohumi Ashutosh, Novel drug delivery system: Niosomes review, Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(5), 129-135.
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Acacia tortilis is one of the important species of genus Acacia belonging to family Leguminaceae. Though there is no more study performed on this plant but it plays important role in the countries where it found. These countries includes North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Asian countries. The various part of Acacia tortilis plant say leaves, pods, gum exudates and bark was used as antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antiasthmatic and also had several other medicinal benefits. In this review article the main focus is on the chemical composition of Acacia tortilis. A number of secondary metabolites have been reported including fatty acids, amino acids, terpenes, hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids. The most evident and best known are polysaccharides (gums).

KEYWORDS; Acacia tortilis, , flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, amino and fatty acids.

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Background: Self-Medication (SM) is common in both developed and developing countries but higher in developing countries, due to wider increase of drug availability without prescription. SM can increase the possibility of drug abuse and drug dependency. It can also mask the signs and symptoms of underlying diseases, hence complicating the problem, creating drug resistance, and delay in diagnosis. Materials and methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among the medical students of Enugu State University of Science and Technology College of Medicine Enugu, Nigeria. Data was collected with an online questionnaire formulated in Google form and shared through their different class chat group (WhatsApp). Collected data was analysed using SPSS version 25 and variables were presented in frequencies and percentages with the aid of tables. Bivariate analysis was done to find out the factors that affect the practice of SM using chi-square test and the level of significance was set at p value ≤ 0.05.......

Keywords: Self-medication; Medical students; Knowledge; Practice; Nigeria; Tertiary health facility.

[1]. Hughes CM, McElnay JC, Fleming GF. Benefits and risks of self- medication. Drug Safety. 2001; 24 (14):1027–1037.
[2]. Klemenc-Ketis Z, Hladnik Z, Kersnik J. Self-medication among healthcare and non-healthcare students at university of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Medical Principles and Practice. 2010; 19 (5):395–401.
[3]. McCabe SE, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Illicit use of prescription pain medication among college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005; 77 (1):37–47.
[4]. Bauchner H, Wise PH. Antibiotics without prescription: "bacterial or medical resistance"?. Lancet. 2000; 355 (9214):1480–1484.
[5]. Calabresi P, Cupini LM. Medication-overuse headache: similarities with drug addiction. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2005; 26(2): 62–68.

Background: Parkinson's disease is caused by the lack of dopamine in basal ganglia due to nigrostriatal system degeneration. Inhibition of the Adenosine A2A receptor can improve dopamine release for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Thus, by inhibiting the Adenosine A2A receptor, Parkinson's disease can be overcome. This study aims to find new drug candidates that have the potential to inhibit the adenosine A2A receptor as a drug for Parkinson's disease. Materials and Methods: In this research, we used a 3-dimensional structure file for adenosine A2A receptors with a PDB ID 5IU4 obtained from the RCSB protein data bank (www.rcsb.org) and 12 ZINC Natural Product databases consisting of 151,837 compounds as data sets. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening using LigandScout 4.3 software, and molecular docking-based virtual screening using.......

Keywords: Virtual Screening, Adenosine A2A, anti Parkinson.

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Background: Background: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) as responses to drugs that are dangerous, unwanted, and occurring at doses typically used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or modification of physiological function in humans. ADRs are a very important health problem to pay attention to. Currently, information on ADRs of atypical antipsychotics is lacking. Therefore, this literature study aims to summarize the adverse drug reactions (ADR) that occur due to the use of atypical antipsychotics and to examine their causality, severity, prevention, and predictability. Methods: The method used in the writing of this article is a literature study using computerized databases such as Science Direct, Pubmed, Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were "Adverse drug reactions" OR "ADRs" and "Atypical antipsychotics" OR "Second-generation antipsychotics". Results: The most common adverse drug.......

Keywords: Adverse Drug Reactions, Atypical Antipsychotics, Naranjo's Scale, WHO assessment scale, Hartwig and Siegel scale, Modified Schumock and Thornton scale.

[1]. Lee A. Adverse Drug Reactions (Second Edition.). London; Pharmaceutical Press; 2006, pp. 1
[2]. Atkinson AJ, Abernethy DR, Daniels CE, Dedrick RL, Markey SP. Principles of Clinical Pharmacology (Second Edition.). UK; Academic Press; 2007, pp. 389
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[4]. Oommen S. Elango P. Alwar MC. Solomon S. (Adverse Drug Reactions Affiliated with Atypical Antipsychotics in Patients with Schizophrenia). Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2019; 11(3): 315-319
[5]. Gunawan SG, Setiabudy R, Nafrialdi, Instiaty. Farmakologi dan Terapi (6th Edition.). Jakarta; Department Of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty Of Medicine University; 2016, pp. 164-172.

Introduction: The specific threshold of Prostate specific antigen(PSA) to diagnose prostate cancer has been controversial hence Prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) was introduced as better diagnostic tool. Our aim was to identify the sensitivity and specificity of PSA at different cut off values, to assess and compare the utility of PSA and PSAD for diagnosing prostate cancer. Methods : A Crossectional study was done on 156 prostatic specimens. Clinical and USG findings and histopathological diagnosis were noted. The PSA and PSAD levels were estimated. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy of PSA value at cut off 4ng/ml, and PSAD was compared. Sensitivity and specificity of PSA at 10ng/ml, 20 ng/ml and 50 mg/ml was also compared to predict malignancy........

Keywords: Prostate Pathology, PSA, PSAD.

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[5]. Castro H, Iared W, Shigueoka D, Mourão J, Ajzen S. Contribuição da densidade do PSA para predizer o câncer da próstata em pacientes com valores de PSA entre 2,6 e 10,0 ng/ml. Radiologia Brasileira. 2011;44(4):205-209.