Diabetes mellitus (DM), also termed as "sugar," is a chronic, noncommunicable disease (NCD) which has emerged as one of the leading global health problem associated with the pancreas in the production of insulin leading to hyperglycemia . Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a combination of resistance to insulin action and inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response . Type 2 diabetes affects both the old and the youths and is highly associated with morbidity, mortality, and a high health cost to individual patients, their families, and countries . It was found to affect 382 million (7.7%) in 2013 and was estimated to 483 million (8.3%) by the year 2030. In developed countries, more than half of the people with type 2 diabetes mellitus are older than 65 years and only 8% are less than 44 years of age.

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This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial effects of saponins from Prosopis africana and Ziziphus abyssinica. Saponins were isolated using ethanol, diethyl ether and isopropanol as solvents, and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against medically important bacteria (S. aureus, and E. coli), using nutrient agar. Antimicrobial activity was performed using paper disc method. The saponin isolated from P. africana leaves was active and showed the highest zone of inhibition at concentration 30mg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli. The saponin isolated from Z. abyssinica leaves showed the highest zone of inhibition at concentration 10 and 30mg/ml respectively. The stem barks of both P. africana and Z.........

Key Word: Extract; Prosopis Africana; Zizipus abyssinica; Saponins; Inhibition

[1]. Chen, Z., He, B. Jian Z., Daohang H., Jingdan D. and Ronghua Z. (2016). Chemical compositions and antibacterial activities of essential oils extracted from Alpinia guilinensis against selected foodborne pathogens, Industrial Crops and Products, 83, 607-613, ISSN 0926-6690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.063.
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Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent disease requiring continuous treatment. Long-term use of antidiabetic drugs can cause side effects. Therefore, this article was designed to provide updated information on the phytochemical and antidiabetic activity of Morindacitrifolia. This review presents the literature evidence from January 2011 to December 2021. Three bibliographic databases were used as the primary sources of information (Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect). A total of 16 studies were used in this paper based on feasibility, including eight articles on phytochemicals and eight on antidiabetics......

Keywords: antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, Morindacitrifolia, phytochemical

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Nimodipine (NMD) is a calcium channel antagonist which is used for treatment of hypertention. Unfortunately,it suffers from first pass metabolism, short half-life and poor oral bioavailability because of its low water solubility. In this study, we intended to prepare NMD-loaded niosomes to protect the loaded drug from degradation, avoid first pass metabolism, control and sustain the drug release. Materials and Methods NMD-loaded niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method, using different ratios of cholesterol (CH) and span 20 as a non-ionic surfactant......

Key words: nimodipine, span 20, cholesterol, niosomes.

[1]. Lina Abdel Salam, Mona Abdelmottaleb and Ahmed Geneidi : Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University, 'Formulation and Characterization of Proniosomal Gels Loaded with Levofloxacin for Dermal Drug Delivery', 5 (2021), 288-303.
[2]. Aya AbuElfadl, Mariza Boughdady and Mahasen Meshali : International Journal of Nanomedicine, 'New Peceol™/Span™ 60 Niosomes Coated with Chitosan for Candesartan Cilexetil: Perspective Increase in Absolute Bioavailability in Rats', 16 (2021), 5581.
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[5]. Reham Mokhtar Aman, Irhan Ibrahim Abu Hashim and Mahasen Mohamed Meshali :European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 'Novel Chitosan-Based Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles to Enhance the Bio-Residence of the Miraculous Phytochemical "Apocynin"', 124 (2018), 304-18.

The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has improved significantly with the discovery in recent years of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. The classical markers of CSF are now undisputed and are characterized by an increase in Tau and phosphorylated Tau proteins and a decrease in the concentrations of amyloid Aβ1-42 peptide. These biomarkers, which have a dual diagnostic and prognostic interest, reflect the cerebral neuropathological lesions characteristic of the Alzheimer's process (neuronal lysis, fibrillary degeneration consisting of Tau protein and amyloid plaque).......

Keys words: Aβ peptide, Alzheimer's disease; Biomarkers; Cerebrospinal fluid, Tau protein

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N-octyl cinnamic is a compound that has potential as a drug as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, but is constrained by the nature of n-octyl cinnamate which is difficult to dissolve in water, causing low bioavailability in the systemic circulation. To overcome this problem, curcumin is formulated in the form of nanoparticles using chitosan polymer, a derivative of chitin which can be obtained from crab and shrimp shell waste. This study aims to synthesize n-octyl cinnamic nanoparticles using a simple coating method using chitosan and sodium alginate and to evaluate the stability of the nanoparticles in vitro........

Keys words: Nanoparticle, Anti-inflammatory, n-octyl cyanamate/Alginate/chitosan, Synthesis.

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[5] L. O. Kadidae, R. Ruslin, L. Nurliana, and L. A. Kadir, "Sintesis Ester Asam Sinamat Menggunakan Variasi Katalis Asam," J. Pijar Mipa, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 240, 2020, doi: 10.29303/jpm.v15i3.1904.