Physical or psychological chronic stress mediates the impaired immune response by inducing the proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Our recent studies showed that hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) significantly modulated the immune system. HSPCs prevented stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis, exerting a protective effect in chronic stress-induced immune responses. Thus, whether HSPCs could prevent the proliferation of Tregs in conditions of chronic stress was assessed in the present study. Injection of HSPCs inhibited the proliferation of Tregs and reduced the expression of inhibitory molecules of Tregs under conditions of chronic stress........

[1]. Dhabhar, F.S., 2014. Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunol. Res., 58, 193-210.
[2]. Househam, A.M., Peterson, C.T., Mills, P.J., Chopra, D., 2017. The effects of stress and meditation on the immune system, human microbiota, and epigenetics. Adv. Mind. Body. Med. 31, 10-25.
[3]. Hu, D., Wan, L., Chen, M., Caudle, Y., LeSage, G., Li, Q., Yin, D., 2014. Essential role of IL-10/STAT3 in chronic stress-induced immune suppression. Brain. Behav. Immun. 36, 118-127.
[4]. Zhang, H., Caudle, Y., Wheeler, C., Zhou, Y., Stuart, C., Yao, B., Yin, D., 2018. TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 signaling is required for chronic stress-induced immune suppression. J. Neuroimmunol. 314, 30-41.
[5]. Xiang, Y., Yan, H., Zhou, J., Zhang, Q., Hanley, G., Caudle, Y., LeSage, G., Zhang, X., Yin, D., 2015. The role of toll-like receptor 9 in chronic stress-induced apoptosis in macrophage. PLoS. One.10, e0123447.

Background: Early pregnancy period is saddled with a lot of uncertainties. It is associated with palpable anxiety if pregnancy will be ongoing or miscarry. Various biomarkers have been evaluated to track the course of early pregnancy in order to avert pregnancy loss; one of them that has shown great promise in predicting outcome following threatened miscarriage is serum progesterone. Comparing serum progesterone levels between women with ongoing pregnancies and those with pregnancy loss will aid in making recommendations on the management of early pregnancies.........

Keywords:- Progesterone, Pregnancy, Levels, Loss, Serum, Ongoing, Comparative.

[1]. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 150: Early pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 May;125(5):1258–67.
[2]. Rekha NP, Justin CK, Douglas GT, Neelam P. Role of serum biomarkers in the prediction of outcome in women with threatened miscarriage: a systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update. 2016;22(2):228-239.
[3]. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2012). Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: Diagnosis and initial management in early pregnancy of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. Clinical Guideline 154. London: NICE.
[4]. Saraswat L, Bhattacharya S, Maheshwari A. Maternal and perinatal outcome in women with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester: a systematic review. BJOG2010;117:245–257.
[5]. Ahmed SR, El-Sammani ME, Al-Sheeha MA, Aitallah AS, Khan FJ. Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Threatened Miscarriage: a Year Study. J Acad Med Sci Bos Herz. 2012; 24(1): 26-28.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with more than 2 million new cases in 2020.Its incidence and death rates have increased over the last three decades due to the change in risk factor profiles, better cancer registration, and cancer detection. The number of risk factors of BC is significant and includes both the modifiable factors and non-modifiable factors. Currently, about 80% of patients with BC are individuals aged >50.Survival depends on both stage and molecular subtype. Invasive BCs comprise wide spectrum tumors that show a variation concerning their clinical presentation, behavior, and morphology. Based on mRNA gene expression levels, BC can be divided into molecular subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like).........

[1]. Boyd NF, Connelly P, Byng J, Yafe M, Draper H, Little L, Jones D, Martin LJ, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and mammographic Densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4(7):727–33.
[2]. Beral V, Million Women Study C. Breast cancer and hormone-Replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet.2003;362(9382):419–27.
[3]. Bakken K, Alsaker E, Eggen AE, Lund E. Hormone replacement therapy And incidence of hormone-dependent cancers in the Norwegian Women And Cancer study. Int J Cancer. 2004;112(1):130–4.
[4]. Vinay Kamal Director Professor of Pathology Maulana Azad Medical College Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg New Delhi (India) (Textbook).volume I.
[5]. Carayol M, Licaj I, Achaintre D, Sacerdote C, Vineis P, Key TJ, Onland Moret NC, Scalbert A, Rinaldi S, Ferrari P. Reliability of serum metabolites over a Two-year period: a targeted metabolomic approach in fasting and non Fasting samples from EPIC. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8): e0135437.

Direct evidence on age patterns of infecundity and sterility cannot be obtained from contemporary populations because such large fractions of couples use contraception or have been sterilized.Instead,historical data are exploited to yield upper bounds applicable to contemporary populations on the proportions sterile at each age.Examination of recent changes in sexual behavior that may increase infecundity indicates that sexually transmitted infections,the prime candidate for hypothesized rises in infertility,are unlikely to have added to infecundity to any great extent.These results imply that a woman in a monogamous union faces only moderate increases in the probability of becoming sterile (or infecund) until her late thirties.it appears that recent changes in reproductive behavior were guaranteed to result in the perception that infecundity is on the rise.........

[1]. Abbey, A. (2000) Adjusting to infertility. In J.D. Harvey and E.D. Miller (eds) Loss and Trauma: General and Close Relationship Perspectives. Ann Arbour, MI: Edwards Brothers.
[2]. Aghanwa, H.S., Dare, F.O. and Oguniyi, S.O. (1999) Sociodemographic factors in mental disorders associated with infertility in Nigeria, Journal of Psychometric Research, 46, 2, 117–23.
[3]. Anderheim, L., Holter, H., Bergh, C. and Möller, A. (2005) Does psychological stress affect the outcome of in vitro fertilization? Human Reproduction, 20, 10, 2969–75.
[4]. Anderson, K.M., Sharp, M., Rattray, A. and Irvine, D.S. (2003) Distress and concerns in couples referred to a specialist infertility clinic, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 4, 353–5.

[5]. Ardenti, R., Campari, C., Agazzi, L. and La Sala, G.B. (1999) Anxiety and perceptive functioning of infertile women during in-vitro fertilization: exploratory survey of an Italian sample, Human Reproduction, 14, 3126–32.

Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of body fat, to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is usually defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight, and it is widely used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. Obesity is associated with various health problems such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and certain types of cancer. It is considered a global public health concern, as it affects millions of people worldwide and has a significant impact on health outcomes and healthcare costs.

[1]. Medical consequences of Obesity George A Bray The journal of clinical endocrinology and Metabolism,Volume 89, Issue 6,1 June 2004, Pages 2583-2589.
[2]. Obesity as a medical problem PG Kopelman. Nature 2000. Apr 6;404(6778):635-43.
[3]. The epidemiology of obesity Yu Chung Chooi et.al.Metabolism 2019 Mar;92:6-10.
[4]. Circulation. 2019 Mar 27;137(13);1391-1406.
[5]. Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? James O HILL et al. Science 2003.Feb7;299(5608);853-5.