Houseflies have been identified as reservoirs and mechanical vectors of disease-causing agents that can cause serious life threatening diseases in both human and animal populations. This study was designed to assess the antibiogram and extended spectrum beta-lactamase production by Klebsiella species isolated in houseflies from hospital, restaurant and fruit market environments. A total of 150 samples (50 each from hospital, restaurant and fruit market environments) were analyzed using Standard Microbiological Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. The isolates were screened for ESBL production using Double Disc Synergy.........

KEYWORDS: Klebsiella, houseflies, antibiotic resistance, ESBLs, hospitals, restaurant, fruit market

[1]. Adebayo, T.B., Ekanem, M.S., Odu, N.N., Igwiloh, N.J. and Okonkwo, I.O. (2012). Pathogenic microorganisms associated with houseflies within Uyo metropolis during the wet season. Researcher. 4:37-41.
[2]. Afiukwa, F.N., Akpati, O.J., Ejikeugwu, C.P., Elom, E.E., Iroha, I.R., Afiukwa, C.A., Nwuzo, A.C., Ogah, O., Agah, V. M. and Nweze, N.P. (2022). Antibiogram and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) profile of E. coli species isolated from houseflies in Abakaliki Metropolis, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 36(2):6323-6328
[3]. Afiukwa, F.N. Iroha, I.R., Afiukwa, A.C. and Igwe, O.D. (2016). First report of blaCTX-M-15 extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolated from cloacal swabs of birds in South Eastern Nigeria. International Archives of BioMedical and Clinical Research. 2(2):35-39.
[4]. Ahmed, A.S., Ahmed, K.M., Salih, S.S. (2013). Isolation and identification of Bacterial isolates from houseflies in Sulaymanya city. Eng Technol J. 31:24-33. [5]. Aljeldah, M. M. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance and its spread is a global threat. Antibiotics. 11(8):1082.
[6]. Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M. and Sherris, J.K. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standard single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol; 45:493-6.

Background: Immunity is a vital biological defense mechanism that protects the body against infections. Enhancing immunity through dietary supplements is a key strategy to improve health outcomes. Aloe vera and tyndallized lactic acid bacteria are known for their potential immunomodulatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the immune-enhancing effects of Tyndallized Aloe vera Fermented Powder with Lactic Acid Bacteria (TAVFP-LAB), a novel formulation created by fermenting Aloe vera polysaccharide extract with lactic acid bacteria, followed by tyndallisation and drying.......

KEYWORDS: Tyndalization, Aloe vera, Lactic acid bacteria, Immunity, Splenocyte, Proliferation.

[1]. Manna, P. R., Gray, Z. C., & Reddy, P. H. (2022). Healthy immunity on preventive medicine for combating COVID-19. Nutrients, 14(5), 1004.
[2]. Manfrini, N., Notarbartolo, S., Grifantini, R., & Pesce, E. (2024). SARS-COV-2: A glance at the innate immune response elicited by infection and vaccination. Antibodies, 13(1), 13.
[3]. Gasmi, A., Shanaida, M., Oleshchuk, O., Semenova, Y., Mujawdiya, P. K., Ivankiv, Y., Pokryshko, O., Noor, S., Piscopo, S., Adamiv, S., & Bjørklund, G. (2023). Natural ingredients to improve immunity. Pharmaceuticals, 16(4), 528.
[4]. Salehi, B., Albayrak, S., Antolak, H., Kręgiel, D., Pawlikowska, E., Sharifi-Rad, M., Uprety, Y., Fokou, P. V. T., Yousef, Z., Zakaria, Z. A., Varoni, E. M., Sharopov, F., Martins, N., Iriti, M., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Aloe Genus plants: From farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(9), 2843.
[5]. Kim, S., Shim, K., Song, Y., Kim, K., Park, C., & Lee, C. (2023). Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activities of Aloe vera and Its Major Active Constituent Acemannan. Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health, 3(2).

Kidneys are vital organs of the body involved in ultrafiltration of toxins. Each kidney has two layers namely cortex and medulla. Nephrotoxicity occurs when there is damage to different kidney parts like glomerulus, bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubules that enhance the function of kidneys. This damage causes accumulation of toxins leading to altered glomerular structure and increased bowman`s capsule size. The aim of this study was to assess the histostereological effects of Curcuma longa on sildenafil induced nephrotoxicity among male albino rats. The key focus was on glomerulus volume and volume of epithelial cells. A total of 25 male albino rats was used having been calculated using modified resource formula.......

KEYWORDS: Bowman`s capsule, Glomerulus, Nephrotoxicity and Sildenafil.

[1]. Arifin, W. N., & Zahiruddin, W. M. (2017). Sample size calculation in animal studies using resource equation approach. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, 24(5), 101.
[2]. Cadirci, E., Halici, Z., Odabasoglu, F., Albayrak, A., Karakus, E., Unal, D., Atalay, F., Ferah, I., & Unal, B. (2011). Sildenafil treatment attenuates lung and kidney injury due to overproduction of oxidant activity in a rat model of sepsis: a biochemical and histopathological study. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 166(3), 374-384.
[3]. Ebrahimi, F., Shafaroodi, H., Asadi, S., Nezami, B. G., Ghasemi, M., Rahimpour, S., Hashemi, M., Doostar, Y., & Dehpour, A. R. (2009). Sildenafil decreased cardiac cell apoptosis in diabetic mice: reduction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 87(7), 556-564.
[4]. Hsu, J., Tang, D., & Lu, C. (2015). Risk–benefit assessment of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for treatment of erectile dysfunction: a multiple criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 69(4), 436-443.
[5]. Küçük, A., Yucel, M., Erkasap, N., Tosun, M., Koken, T., Ozkurt, M., & Erkasap, S. (2012). The effects of PDE5 inhibitory drugs on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Molecular biology reports, 39, 9775-9782.

The review paper helpful for knowledge and current data biological evidence in forensic science is pivotal to maintaining the integrity of biological evidence and ensuring the reliability of forensic analyses. This encompasses a set of strategies aimed at preventing contamination during evidence collection, handling, and analysis. Key elements include the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, and protective clothing, to minimize direct contact and contamination from the environment. Sterile tools and techniques are essential for collecting evidence, with measures taken to avoid cross- contamination by changing gloves and tools between samples and properly packaging evidence immediately after collection. Environmental controls are also critical........

KEYWORDS: Biological evidence, Investigation, Buccal smear, Blood smears, DNA, Analysis, PCR, Techniques, Forensic.

[1]. Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to non- destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Virkler K, Lednev IK. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Jul 1;188(1-3):1-17. Doi: 10. 1016/j. forsciint. 2009. 02. 013. Epub 2009 Mar 27. PMID: 19328638 Review.
[2]. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction CRC Press (2008).
[3]. Bevel, T. , and R. M. Gardner. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.
[4]. Byrd, J. H. , and J. L. Castner. Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Forensic Investigations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
[5]. DeForest, P. R. , R. E. Gaensslen, and H. C. Lee. Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

The evolution of new strains of infectious agents and the increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens have become a global threat to public health. Hence, this study was carried out to bioprospect for Actinomycetes species from refuse dumpsites in Abakaliki for broadspectrum antibiotics producing potentials. A total of 40 dumpsites were sampled and 68 Actinomycetes isolates were obtained using Actinomycetes Isolation Agar. The antimicrobial-producing potentials of the isolates were tested against six lab strains of human pathogens including E. coli, S. aureus, MRSA, ESBL+ E. coli, Candida albicans and Klebsiella species. Ten of the isolates showing greater broadspectrum antibiotic activities were selected for true-to-type identification based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified using a set of primers (F-Act 243 (5'-GGATGAGCCCGCGGCCTA-3') and R-Act A3 (5'-CCAGCCCCACCTTCGAC-3'))........

KEYWORDS: Abakaliki/ Actinomycetes/ antibiotics/ Multidrug-resistance/ Refuse dumpsites.

[1]. Adegboye, M.F. and Babalola, O.O. (2012). Taxonomy and ecology of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7: 2255-2261.

[2]. Bachoon, D.S. and Wendy, A. D. (2008). Microbiology Laboratory Manual. Ed. Michael Stranz. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Exercise 15, "Normal Flora of the Intestinal Tract"

[3]. Basilio, A., Gonzalez, I., Vicente, M.F., Gorrochategui, J., Cabello, A., Gonzalez, A. and Genilloud, O. (2003). Patterns of antimicrobial activities from soil Actinomycetes isolated under different conditions of pH and salinity. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95: 814-823
[4]. Bisacchi, G.S. (2015). Origins of the quinolone class of antibacterials: An expanded "discovery story. Journal of Medical Chemistry, 58 (12): 4874–4882

[5]. Cappuccino, J. G., and Sherman, N. (2002). Microbiology : a laboratory manual. Benjamin Cummings.