Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Studies on the Extract of the Straw Of Sorghum rundinaceum and Its Formulation As An Oral Solid Dosage Form
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Simbat O. Mohammed ||Chukwuemeka. P. Azubuike ||Jimson O. Odulaja ||Abimbola Sowemimo.
Page No.	::	01-06
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-321016
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/03210106

The Nutritional And Medicinal Values Of The Straw Of Sorghum Arundinaceum Were Investigated And The freeze-dried extract of the straw was formulated as capsules. The mineral content and proximate analyses of the straw were determined. Phytochemical groups in the extract were identified. The polyphenolic contents were determined using ultraviolet spectroscopy. Standard methods were adopted to determine the physical properties of the extract as well as the quality of the formulated capsules. Mineral content analysis showed that the extract contains the following minerals: potassium (13.24mg/g), calcium (35.57mg/g), magnesium (19.68mg/g), sodium (8.64mg/g), iron (14.49mg/g), manganese (15.45mg/g), zinc (7.35mg/g) and copper (0.75mg/g). Proximate analysis revealed 4.65% moisture, 0.04% protein, 4.70% total ash, 38.25% crude fibre, 11.00% total fat and 41.37% total carbohydrate. The phytochemical groups identified include alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, sugars, and tannins. Polyphenolic content analysis also revealed the following: 276mg/g total flavonoids, 163mg/g total proanthocyanidins, and 90mg/g total phenolic acids. The extract has a dark-red colour, a bitter taste, a pungent odour and a gritty feel. Most of the particles had a diameter of less than or equal to 0.422mm and they had a Carr's index of 11.72% and a Hausner ratio of 1.13. The formulated capsules passed the weight uniformity and disintegration tests. These results show the nutritional and medicinal value of the straw of S. arundinaceum and also justified the formulation of the extract into capsules.
Keywords: Sorghum arundinaceum, mineral content, proximate analysis, phytochemicals, polyphenols.

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Deranged Spermatogenesis of Adult Swiss Albino Mice as Effect of Immobilization Stress -Histological Study
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Bhavana Khandve ||Vijay Gujar ||Pradeep Bokariya || Am Tarneka ||Mr Shende
Page No.	::	07-10
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-3210710
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/032107010

As the stress is increasing in our life day by day, so we decided to study weather increased stress is one of the causes of infertility. We used immobilisation as stress inducer in our study. Immobilization is mixed type of stress. It acts as physical and psychological stress. The aim of study was to study effect of immobilization stress on spermatogenesis of mice. The present study was performed on 40 adult male Swiss albino mice, out of which 20 served as control and 20 were exposed to immobilization stress .Experimental mice were immobilized by keeping in white transparent plastic jar with 5 holes for 4 hrs a day for 60 days .Food and water provided ad libitum during period of immobilization stress. After two months of immobilization stress mice of both control and experimental group were sacrificed by giving thiopentone anaeshthesia. Testes were removed and labelled. Histological processing of testis tissues was done. Morphological, histological and histomorphometric study of testes revealed suppression of spermatogenesis.
Keywords: Stress, mice, immobilization, spermatogenesis, testis

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[4] Bharihoke V, Gupta M, Gohil H.Bronchopulmonary changes after repeated exposure to cold and restraint stress. Journal of Anatomical Society of India 2000; 49 (1): 49-51.[5] Drury R A B and Wallington EA.Preparation and fixation of tissues.In: Carleton's Histological technique (pub oxford university press) 1980; 5th Edition: 36-56
[6] Rai J, Pandey SN, SrivastavaRK.Effect of immobilization stress on spermatogenesis of albino rat.Journal of Anatomical Society of India 2003; 52 (1): 55-57
[7] Norman R L, Smith CJ.Restraint inhibits Iutenizing hormone and testosterone secretion in intact male rhesus macaques, effect of concurrent naloxone administration. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 55(4): 405-15
[8] Parisa Tavakoli, Rahim Ahmadi, Mahyar Mafi. Restraint stress is biomedically important in male reproductive failure. International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Medical Sciences (ICCBMS'2012) 2012; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
[9] Rai J, Pandey SN, SrivastavaRK.Effect of immobilization stress on spermatogenesis of albino rat.Journal of Anatomical Society of India 2003; 52 (1): 55-57
[10] Knol B W. Stress and the endocrine hypothalamus pituitary testis system, a review Veterinary Quarterly 1991; 13(2): 104-114.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacognostical Survey on Medicinal Plants of Malon Village And Surrounding In The Cascades Region (Burkina Faso)
Country	::	Burkina Faso
Authors	::	T.S. Sourabie || N. Some || O. Bognonou || Y. Ouattara || J.B. Ouedraogo
Page No.	::	11-15
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32101115
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0321011015

The authors present the results of an ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacognostical survey carried out in Malon and surroundings; Malon is a village located about 12 km far from Banfora, regional capital of the Cascades area form Burkina Faso. A multi disciplinary team of researchers gathering botanists, pharmacognisists, pharmacologists and ethnosociologists has undertaken that mission of investigation.The aim of the study was mainly centered on the inventory on the medicinal plants (MP) currently used in the traditional medicine of this area; and secondary, to collect data from traditional medical practices usually circulating. In this way, more than a hundred useful plants including 54 medicinal plants species have been inventoried, distributed across 32 families and 46 genera. Rubiaceae was the most dominant family (9,25 %), followed by Caesalpiniaceae (7,40 %), Apocynaceae (5,55%), Asteraceae (5,55%) and Meliaceae (5,55%). Other families were found less than 2% of frequency.The results showed also a great number of traditional medical faith healers explaining thus the importance of the traditional medical practice for resolving healthcare problems in this community. Concerning the anthropomorphic pressure on the vegetal biodiversity due to the exploitation of natural resources, the impact was weak and presented no great danger even it constituted a reality.
Keywords: ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacognostical, Malon village medicinal plants, medical tradipractitioners.

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[2]. Adjanohoun E.J. (1989). La Voie Des Enquêtes Ethnobotaniques Pour Les Pharmacopées Africaines. Bull. Méd. Trad. Pharm., Vol. 3, N° 1, Pp. 47-51
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[5]. Bélem Et Al. (2006). Potentialités Des Galleries Forestières De La Réserve De Biosphère De La Mare Aux Hippopotames A L'ouest Du Burkina Faso: Cas Des Plantes Médicinales. 11ème Colloque International Sur Le Développement, Environnement Et Santé, Bamako, 12-16 Juin.
[6]. Céa Benjamin (2006). Plantes Médicinales Et Pharmacopée : Impact De L'exploitation Des Plantes Médicinales Sur La Réserve De Biosphère De La Mare Aux Hippopotames (RBMH). Rapport De Mission D'enquête, Avril-Juin 2006, 48p.
[7]. T.S. Sourabié, H.M. Koné J.B. Nikiéma, O.G. Nacoulma and I.P.Guissou (2009). Evaluation of the antihepatoxic effect of Argemone mexicana leaf extract against CCl4- induced hepatitis injury in rats. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 3(6): 1499-1503, December 2009.
[8]. Léga Ibrahim (2010). Evaluation des propriétés antibactériennes in vitro d'extraits de feuilles d'Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae). Thèse de Doctorat en Pharmacie, UFR/SDS, Université de Ouagadougou, pp.62.
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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Macroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Testis after Ligation Of Head And Body Of Epididymis In Adult Male Albino Rats
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. Pradeep Kumar murudkar ||Ratnapriyanka janamala
Page No.	::	16-23
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32101623
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0321016023

The present work is done to study the effects after ligation of head and body of epididymis and to observe the changes and to answer the questions posed by someone before undergoing ligation at different levels. In the present experimental series effects were studied from 30 days onwards, as the main aim was to see the long term effects in adult male albino rats. The animals selected were albino rats because of their continuous spermatogenesis and ease of availability and can withstand the chloroform anesthesia and operative procedure. In the present study the volume of testis on the operated side showed gradual decrease in the size when compared to the contralateral control after the ligation of head of epididymis with the effect from 3 rd day to 30 th day but after the ligation of body of epididymis there were no changes observed in the first 9 days and volume of testis gradually decreased with effect from 12 th day and changes were noted up to 30 th day in comparision to contralateral control.The observations revealed that ligation of body and head of epididymis caused progressive atrophy of the testis and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and seminiferous epithelium and relative prominence of interstitial tissue. The author concluded that ligation of excurrent duct system at a higher level i.e. head and body of epididymis results in back pressure and causes progressive changes in the testis.
Keywords:Epididymis, fertility, adult male albino rats, sexual potency.

[1] Baille A.H. The biology of the leydig cell,histochemical and histological changes following high epididymal ligation.J.Endocri. 20:1960;339-334.
[2] Baille A.H. Observations comparing the effects of epididymal obstruction at various levels on the mouse testis with those Isohaemia.J.Anat. 96:1962; 335-354.
[3] Gaddum P. and T.D.Glover. Some reactions of rabbit spermatozoa to ligation of epididymis. J.Reprod. Fertil. 9:1965; 119-130.
[4] Glover T.D. The response of rabbit spermatozoa to artificial cryptorchidism and ligationof the epididymis. J.Endocrin. 23:1962; 317-328.
[5] Harrison R.G. and Macmillan. The response of rabbit spermatozoa to artificial cryptorchidism and ligationof the epididymis. J.Endocrin. 23:1954; 317-328.
[6] Paufler S.K. and R.H.Foote. Spermatogenesis in rabbit following ligation of epididymis at different levels. Anat.Rec. 164:1969a; 339-348.
[7] Paufler S.K. and R.H.Foote. Spermatogenesis and receptopn in sexually active rabbits with epididymal ligatures.Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 131:1969b; 1179-1183.
[8] Reddy K., Shrinivas. Study of testis and epididymis of vasectony and ligation of excurrent duct system in albino rats (from Desertation copy of Osmania University).1975.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Fat Free Mass and Fat Free Mass Index as Reference Variables for Expiratory And Inspiratory Flow Rates
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr Bipin Bihari Pradhan||Dr Swikruti Behera
Page No.	::	24-30
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32102430
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0321024030

Flow rates are very important factors which affect the volume and speed at which air is moved into and out of lung. Body Mass Index and Waist Hip ratio are the most commonly used parameters nowadays to assess obesity and the diseases associated with it. But both the parameters have the limitation of not distinguishing between fat compartment and muscle compartment. Hence this study was taken with the objective that which body composition parameter has highest correlation with flow rates.150 (85, males; 65, females)healthy medical students 18-24 years age group. Body fat percentage was assessed using "Bioelectric Impedance‟ technique.Analysis was done using "GraphPad Prism 6.0" Correlation coefficients and Linear regression equations were used. PEF, PIF & MIF50 have highest correlation with Fat Free Mass (FFM) followed by Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI). MEF25-75& MEF50 have insignificant correlation with all parameters.

[1] Consolzia, Toni, Pelona, 1963 .Physiological Measurements of Metabolic Function in Man.P-225
[2] Jones RL, Magdalene M, Nzekwu U. Effects of Body Mass Index on Lung Volume. Chest 2006;130:827-833
[3] Cotes JE, Chinn DJ, Miller MR. Lung Function, Physiology, Measurement and application in Medicine, Blackwell,6th Edition: 2006 ; 37-39
[4] Koeppen BM, Stanton BA, Berney and Levy Physiology 6th Edition,2009, P – 439, 440.
[5] Spengler CM, Cotes SA. Endogenous Circadian Rhythm of Pulm Function in healthy humans. 2002.Am J RespirCrit Care Med ;166: 1005.
[6] Brusasco V, Crapo R, Viegi G. General consideration for Lung Function Testing. ATS/ERS Task force: Standardisation of Lung function test; EurRespir J. 2005; 26: 153-161
[7] Lynell C, Phillip D, Jenome F, Eugene C, Alan NP, Effect of body fat distribution on pulm function. Test Chest 1995, 1077:1298-1302
[8] Zuhal G, Eryilmaz N, 2011.Correlation between peak flow and body mass index in obese and non- obese children in Kochaeli, Turkey.Prim Care Respir J 2011; 20(4): 403-406.
[9] Joshi AR, Singh R, Joshi R. Correlation of pulmonary function tests with body fat percentage in young individuals, Indian J PhysiolPharmacol, 2008 ; 52(4) : 383-388.
[10] Ceylan, E., Adurrahmon, Ceylar, Sena The effects of Body fat Distribution on pulmonary function tests in overweight & Obese 2008

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect Of Intermittent And Continuous Training On Body Composition Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Lipid Profile In Obese Adolescents
Country	::	Tunisia
Authors	::	Abdessalem Koubaa ||Hajer Koubaa || Liwa Masmoudi || , Mohamed Elloum||Zouheir Sahnoun ||Khaled M. Zeghal || Ahmed Hakim
Page No.	::	31-37
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32103137
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0312031037

We assessed the cardiorespiratory responses and exercise tolerance during 12 week training (intermittent vs. continuous) in obese children. Twenty nine obese adolescent were randomly allocated into either the IT or CT group. The CT group performed a 30 to 40 minute continuous exercises a 60% to 70 % of vVO2max. IT group was instructed to run for 2 min interspersed with recovery periods of one minute. The exercise intensity was 80% of the vVO2max increased by 5% every four weeks. Along the training period, the increase of the load was carried out by increasing the intensity and the number of repetitions. At baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and lipid parameters were assessed. Improvement of Weight and Fat mass were significantly lower during the intermittent exercise (Weight (kg) =81.1±13.8 vs. 13.7 and Fat mass = 33.8 ±6.7 vs. 31.8 ±7.1respectively) compared to the continuous exercise in the obese adolescent (Weight = 80.7 ±13.2 vs. 75.8 ±11.2 and fat mass = 33.7 ± 6.7 vs. 28.8±5.1 respectively). After the continuous training program, significant beneficial effects on the HDL-C (mmol.l-1) (0.98 ±0.08 vs. 1.13 ±0.14), ratio LDL-C/HDL-C (2.93±0.22 vs. 2.39±0.13), ratio TC/HDL-C (4.57±0.19 vs. 3.92±0.20). Improved capacity cardiorepiratoire best of IT versus CT, at the Resting. HR(beats. m−1) (83±4 vs78±3 and 78 ±4 vs. 76 ±3respectively), systolic BP(mmHg) (p<0.01 vs. NS), VO2max (ml.min-1.k-1) (p<0.001 vs. p<0.05) and recovery index (p<0. 01 vs. p<0.05). Greater improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness of intermittent group compared to the continuous group. The other subjects who completed the continuous training program have improved their lipid profiles and their body composition more that the group intermittent.

Keywords: intermittent training; continuous training; body composition; cardiorespiratory fitness; lipid profiles; obese adolescent.

[1] A Akbarnejad , R Souri , M Sayah , M Bigdeli , H Ehteram , F AmirShaghaghi. The Comparison of the Effects of Intermittent and Continuous Training Programs on Some Selected Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Young Females. Journal of Sport Biosciences (Volume: 3, Issue: 9).
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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Methanol Extract of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis (Leaf) In Wister Rats
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Kabiru, Y.A || Okogun, J.I ||Gbodi, T.A ||Makun, H.A || Ogbadoyi, E.O
Page No.	::	38-45
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32103845
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/032138045

In Recent Times, Focus On Plant Research Has Increased All Over The World And A Large Body Of Evidence Has Been Collected To Show Immense Potential Of Medicinal Plants Used In Various Traditional Systems, But The Need To Evaluate The Safety Of These Plants Remains Paramount. The Sub Chronic Toxicity Of The Methanol Extract Of The Leaves Of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, A Plant That Is Used Locally To Treat Feverish Conditions In Nigeria, Was Investigated In Wister Rats. A Uniform Dose Of The Extract (200mg/Kg Bodyweight) Was Administered To Healthy Wister Rats For Three Weeks, Thereafter Monitored For Another Two Weeks And Then Sacrificed To Determine Some Haematological And Histopathological Parameters Related To Sub Chronic Toxicity. There Were Significant Increases In The Mean Terminal Bodyweights, Mean % Packed Cell Volume, And Mean % Eosinophils, While Mean % Basophils And Mean % Neutrophils Indicated Significant Decreases In The Test Groups. There Was No Significant Difference Between The Aspartate Amino Transaminase Activities Of Animals In The Control (24.89 ± 1.25 IU/L) And Test (24.22 ± 0.67 IU/L) Groups, But The Alanine Aminotransferase Activities Was Significantly Lower (16.36 ± 2.44 IU/L) In The Test Group Than The Control (19.36 ± 2.12 IU/L). The Mean Concentrations Of The Electrolytes (Cl-, K+, Na+, HCO3-) Determined For The Test And Control Groups Did Not Show Any Significant Differences Between The Values Except For Na+ (126 ± 5.29 Mmol/L For Test And 133.67 ± 3.21 Mmol/L For Control) At P ≤ 0.5. The Levels Of Urea (3.6 ± 0.6 Mmol/L) And 3.7 ± 0.66 Mmol/L); And Creatinine (92.33 ± 6.43 Mmol/L) And (99 ± 2.65 Mmol/L) For The Test And Control Groups Were Not Significantly Different P ≤0.5. The Histopathology Of The Kidney Revealed That The Glomeruli Apparatus Were Intact But There Appeared To Be Necrosis Of The Cortex, While The Liver Monograph Showed There Was Normal Hepatic Architecture Showing Central Vein And Portal Tract Interphase With Hepatic Plates Separated By Sinusoids. Results Obtained In This Study Show That The Methanol Extract Of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Though Reported To Have Medicinal Potential May Have Long-Term Effects On The Kidney.

Key Words: Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, Sub Chronic Toxicity, Liver, Kidney, Alanine Amino Transferase, Aspartate Amino Transaminase

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