Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Antiproliferative Activity of Allelochemicals Present in Aqueous Extract of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. In Apical Meristems and Wistar Rat Bone Marrow Cells
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sanjib Ray || Saumabha Chatterjee || Chandra Sekhar Chakrabarti
Page No.	::	1-10
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-3220110
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/032201010

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. is a kind of weed with ethno medicinal uses. Here, we aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of AESN (aerial parts aqueous extract of S. nodiflora) in root and shoot apical meristems and WRBMCs (Wistar rat bone marrow cells). The phytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of AESN were evaluated using green-gram seedlings and onion roots. The AESN induced cell cycle delay was analysed by scoring mitotic index, interphase cell frequency, prophase-metaphase and anaphase-telophase cumulative frequency in onion apical meristem cells and by analysing metaphase frequency in WRBMCs. The AESN treatment showed dose dependent root and shoot growth retardation and reduced number of branch root sprouting in green-gram seedlings. Half maximal growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) of AESN was 0.4 mg/ml at 48 h in onion. The mitotic index percentage significantly reduced (44.9 and 62.7% respectively for 0.5 and 2 mg/ml AESN cells at 48 h), interphase and prophase-metaphase cumulative frequency increased and anaphase-telophase cumulative frequency decreased in AESN treated onion root tip cells indicating an overall antiproliferative activity. In WRBMCs, AESN treatment could induce significant (p<0.001) mitodepression (80.6% decreased metaphase frequency with 500 mg/kg body weight for 15 h). These mitostatic activities of AESN may be due to the actions of allelochemicals. It may be said that the AESN contains antiproliferative active principle(s) that could induce significant delay in cell cycle kinetics in apical meristems and WRBMCs
Keywords: Allium cepa, Mitodepression, Mitotic index, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemicals.

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[7.] M.J. Rathi, S. Gopalkrishnan, Insecticidal activity of aerial parts of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gartn (Compositae) on Sapodeptera latura ( FAB), J. cent. Eur. Agric., 6, 2005, 323-328.
[8.] M. Rahmatullah, A.A.B.T. Kabir, Md.M. Rahman, Md. S. Hossan, Z .Khatun, Mst. A. Khatun, R. Jahan, Ethnomedicinal practices among a minority group of Christians residing in Mirzapur Village of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. 4(1), 2010, 45-51.
[9.] P.Y. Bhogaonkar, M.J. Dagawal and D.S. Ghorpade. Pharmacognostic studies and antimicrobial activity of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Bioscience Discovery, 2(3), 2011, 317-321.
[10.] J.O. Olukunleand M.O. Abatan, The toxicological effects of aqueous leaf extract of Synedrella nodiflora in rats, ASSET Series B, 7(1), 2008, 81-89.
[11.] M. Dutta , A.K. Nath, M.Z. Uddin, M.A. Hossain, M.M. Morshed and M.H. Kawsar, In vitro antioxidant, total phenolic content and brine shrimp lethality studies of Synedrella nodiflora. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,, 3(5), 2012, 1528-1531.
[12.] N. Ghayal, A. Padhye and D. Kondiram, Larvicidal activity of invasive weeds Cassia uniflora and Synedrella nodiflora. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(3), 2010, 245-249.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	An Article of Agricultural Labour Problems in Barpeta of Assam
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Makbul Hussain Khan
Page No.	::	11-13
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32201113
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322011013

Agricultural labours in Barpeta faces various problems. Agricultural labours means who works on the land of others on wages. Agricultural labours are not free from the bondage or slavery, their income living standard and social status are very low having unorganising system of farms workers.Objective: To know the social status of the agricultural labourers. To study the condition of their works. To know the magnitude of agricultural labours. Methodology of the study- the study includes only secondary methods of data collection and empirically study only. The paper includes problems of agricultural labours, government policy measures and suggestion for improvement of the agricultural labour conclusion- The study conclude that agricultural labourers condition is not good in Barpeta of Assam and government should take some proper steps to improve the conditions of agricultural labour.

[1.] K.p.m sundharam- indian economics thirty seventh edition 1997 new delhi
[2.] Dhar p.k- indian economy, kalyani publishers,17th edition 2009
[3.] Dhar p.k- assam economy, kalyani publishers,eiahth edition 2007
[4.] Dr b.p taygi agricultural and rural develoment economics.
[5.] Guptas r. Popular master guide romesh publishing house 2009.
[6.] Newspapers – Pratidin. Khabar etc.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evaluation of hypoglycemic properties of kodo millet based food products in healthy subjects
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Yadav Neelam || Chaudhary Kanchan || Singh Alka || Gupta Alka
Page No.	::	14-20
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32201420
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322014020

The glycemic index (GI) of Kodo incorporated (60%) Idli and Sewai upma and their corresponding control products were determined in ten normal subjects. Using a randomized crossover design the reference and test foods were fed in random order on separate occasions after an overnight fast. Capillary blood samples were collected through finger-prick and analyzed for glucose level by using automatic analyzer at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min interval after consuming reference (glucose) and test food containing 50 g available carbohydrate. No significant difference was observed between control and Kodo based Idli and Sewai upma in terms of appearance, texture, flavour and taste and overall acceptibility.The incremental area under curve (IAUC), GI and Glycemic Load (GL) values were determined for each test food. The GI of Kodo based Idli (58.53 (SEM 1.48)) and Sewai upma (65.49 (SEM 1.01)) was considerably lower than the control Idli (67.11 (SEM 3.25)) and Sewai upma (69.49 (SEM 1.01)).The correlation between GI-GL (r2 =0.999, p≤0.01) and between GI and IAUC (r2 =0.994, p≤0.01) was found positive and highly significant. Including these value added products containing kodo millet in daily diet could help a better glucose control and aid in avoiding diabetic complications.
Keywords: Glycemic Index, Glycemic load, Incremental area under curve, Diabetes, Value added products

[1]. M.S. Ahmad and H.S. Yadava, Assessment of productive and economics of small millets in Madhya Pradesh. Advances in Plant Sciences, 9, 1996, (11 Suppl : 31-3).
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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Development of qualitative analytical profile of saffron in poly herbal gel's by hptlc
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Safeena Sheikh || Suhail Asghar || Showkat Ahmad
Page No.	::	21-24
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32202124
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322021024

A qualitative HPTLC method has been developed for the identification of saffron from saffron raw material and a Polyherbal gel's containing saffron in it as one of main component. Chromatographic separation of the drug was performed on aluminum backed plates coated with silica gel 60F254 as the stationary phase and the solvent system consisted of n-butanol: Glacial acetic acid: Water (4:1:2). Densitometric evaluation of the separated zones was performed at 366nm. The drug was satisfactorily resolved with the other plant involved and also with the formulation excipients.
Keywords:TLC, densitometry, Polyherbal formulation, gel, Saffron and Saffron gel.

[1.] Gupta D. P, "The Herbs", 2008, Edition-I, page no. 164-165.
[2.] "Anti tumour compounds of saffron extract indicated that crocin was responsible for the anti tumour activity" International journal of pharmacognosy, vol 32 (2), 105-114.
[3.] Wagner H, S.Baldt" plant drug analysis a thin layer chromatographic atlas march-1996, Edition-II, page no. 282-288.
[4.] Quantitative analysis of safranal in saffron extract and nanoparticle formulation by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method Shadab Ahmad Pathan, Sanjar Alam, Gaurav K. Jain , Syed M. A. Zaidi, Sohail Akhter, Divya Vohora, Roop K. Khar, Farhan J. Ahmad., Article first published online: 27 OCT 2009.,DOI: 10.1002/pca.118.
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[6.] Chemical analysis and antitumor activity of natural and semi-natural carotenoids of saffron. P.A. Tarantilis, M.G. Polissiou.
[7.] Methods for the analysis of the saffron metabolites crocin, crocetins, picrocrocin and safranal for the determination of the quality of the spice using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. , V. Sujata, G.A. Ravishankar, L.V. Venkataraman., Autotrophic Cell Culture Discipline, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013 India.
[8.] HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources ., Heriberto Caballero-Ortega, Rogelio Pereda-Miranda, Fikrat I. Abdullaev,

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Proton Pump Inhibitors: Their Misuse, Overuse, And Abuse
Country	::	USA
Authors	::	Ashton M. Atkins || M. Chandra Sekar
Page No.	::	25-29
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32202529
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322025029

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are a relatively new class of potent gastric acid-suppressing agents that are used in the treatment of multiple gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. As with any medication it is important that PPIs should only be prescribed when appropriate, and mainly for FDA-approved indications. The improper use of proton pump inhibitors can lead to unwanted adverse effects and increase the chances for drug induced disease, such as gastric cancer. There is some recent evidence indicating that improper use of PPI is rising. Findings from our literature review and clearly suggest that PPI's are being abused through overuse, and the various unintentional consequences of their overuse; not only to the individuals taking the medications, but also the additional cost incurred by the healthcare system.

Keywords – abuse, GERD, overuse, proton pump inhibitor, use

[1] H Blume, F. Donath, A. Warnke, B. Schug, Pharmacokinetic drug interaction profiles of proton pump inhibitors, Drug Safety, 29, 2006, 769-780.
[2] S Eid, A. Boueiz, S. Paranji, C. Mativo, R Landis, M. Abougergi, Patterns and predictors of proton pump inhibitor overuse among academic and non-academic hospitalists. Internal Medicine, 49, 2010, 2561-2568.
[3] M Naunton, G. Peterson, M. Bleasel, Overuse of proton pump inhibitors, Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 25, 2000, 333-338.
[4] L Pasina, A. Nobili, M. Tettamanti, F. Salerno, S. Corrao, A. Marengoni, et al. Prevalence and appropriateness of drug prescriptions for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease in a cohort of hospitalized elderly, Am J. Managed Care,16, 2010, 228-234

[5] E Ramirez, S. Lei, A. Borobia, E. Pinana, S. Fudio, R. Munoz et al, Overuse of PPIs in patients at admission, during treatment, and at discharge in a tertiary Spanish hospital, Current Clinical Pharmacology, 5, 2010, 288-297
[6] S Nasser, J. Nassif, H. Dimassi, Clinical and cost impact of intravenous proton pump inhibitor use in non-ICU patients, World J Gastroenterol, 16, 2010, 982-986.
[7] A Lanas, J. Esplugues, J. Zapardiel, E. Sobreviela, Education-based approach to addressing non-evidence-based practice in preventing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal complications, World J Gastroenterol, 15, 2009 5953-5959.
[8] R Lowes, Proton pump inhibitors linked to c difficile diarrhea. Medscape. 2012.
[9] L Targownik, L. Lix, C. Metge, H. Prior, S. Leung, W. Leslie, Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures, CMAJ, 179, 2008, 319-326
[10] J Heidelbaugh, K. Goldberg, J. Inadomi, Magnitude and economic effect of overuse of antisecretory therapy in the ambulatory care setting, Current Clinical Pharmacology, 5, 2010, 288-297.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Histo-Morphometric Demonstration of Cardiotoxic Effects of Aspartame on Mice
Country	::	India
Authors	::	D.R Gudadhe || S.S Talhar || P. Bokariya || M.R Shende|| A.M Tarnekar
Page No.	::	30-33
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32203033
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322030033

Aim & Objectives: To demonstrate microscopic structural alterations, if any, in myocardium of adult Swiss albino mice as an irreversible effect of neonatal exposure of Aspartame. Material & Methods: Study was conducted on Swiss albino mice grouped into 25 control and 25 experimental. Aspartame was injected intraperitoneally in experimental group of neonatal mice at a dose of 100 μg/ g body weight per day for two weeks while age matched control group of mice received same volume of normal saline intraperitoneally. Mice of both the groups were sacrificed by euthanasia at 60 days of age or above. Observations of weight of heart as well as histo- morphometry of diameter of cardiac myocyte were recorded. Results: There was significant increase in the weight of heart and diameter of cardiac myocytes in experimental group. However the number of cardiac myocytes was apparently reduced in experimental group with a corresponding increase in ground material of myocardial stroma. Conclusion: Our observations suggest residual micro structural changes in myocardium of adult mice in the form of compensatory hypertrophy of myocytes as a remote toxic effect of Aspartame probably resulting from myocardial damage during dosing period of Aspartame in neonatal mice. Thus the changes are irreversible and compensatory but not fatal, that may be compromising with life.

Keywords: Aspartame, Myocardium, Heart weight, Cardiac myocyte, Histomorphometry.

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Micropropagation of Solanum xanthocarpum – to meet the demand of good quality raw material for herbal medicine
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Kilankaje Ashakiran || Kuttan Vidya ||Chenni Vettil Sruthi || Maniyan Kaithavallapukari Asha ||Vendamrutham || Ambika Sindhu
Page No.	::	34-37
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32203437
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322034037

Solanum xanthocarpum is one among the 'ten principal medicinal roots' of Indian system of Medicine. Micropropagation through in vitro direct shoot regeneration has been studied in this plant. A combination of BAP (0.75mg/l) and Kinetin (0.25mg/l) was highly effective in the induction of large numbers (35shoots/callus) of shoots from callus. MS media supplemented with 0.5mg/l BAP was best for elongation of in vitro shoots. MS media supplemented with IBA (0.5mg/l) was best for the induction and elongation of roots. 95% of in vitro raised shoots survived during acclimatisation. Hardened tissue cultured S. xanthocarpum plants have flowered uniformly and produced fruits after one month of hardening.

Key Words: Solanum Xanthocarpum, In vitro shoot multiplication, root induction, plant growth hormone.

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	InVitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Withania Somnifera Root
Country	::	Bangladesh
Authors	::	Mohammad Shahriar || Md. Ismail Hossain || Farzana Anwar Sharmin || Sadika Akhter || Md. Aminul Haque || Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan
Page No.	::	38- 47
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32203847
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0322038047

Withania somnifera of the family Solanaceae has been considered as an important herb in the traditional Ayurvedic and in the indigenous medical system in Bangladesh for its use in the prevention of different central nervous system (CNS) disorders, especially in the conditions of stress and neurodegenerative diseases. Five different extracts of Withania somnifera root were scrutinized to unfold the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. In the present study, the free radical scavenging potential of five extracts of the root of Withania somnifera was assessed by measuring its capability for scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical, hydrogen peroxide radical, nitric oxide radicals (NO.), as well as its ability in Reducing power capacity assessment, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity, using appropriate assay systems compared to natural and synthetic antioxidants. Total antioxidant capacity and phenolic, flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. In-vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts of Withania somnifera was performed and Ethanol and methanol extract of Withania somnifera showed noticeable effect in the DPPH scavenging assay, reducing power capacity, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging assay. In case of total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity methanol and ethanol extract of Withania somnifera showed significant activity. A linear correlation appeared between the total antioxidant capacity and the total phenolics contents of the extracts with good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.891). N-hexane and petroleum ether extract showed least activity in all the measures. Our study demonstrated that the five different extracts of Withania somnifera root showed different level of antioxidant activity and is a potential source of antioxidants and thus could prevent many radical related diseases.

Key Words: Antioxidant activities, cupric reducing capacity, reducing power, total phenolic and flavonoid content.

[1] A Arnous, D.P. Makris, and P. Kefalas, Effect of principal polyphenolic components in relation to antioxidant characteristics of aged red wines, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(12), 2001, 5736-5742.
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[11] V Mehrotra, S. Mehrotra, V. Kirar, S. Radhey, K. Misra, A.K. Srivastava, and S.P. Nandi, Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of aqueous extract of Withania somnifera against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 1(1), 2011, 40-45.
[12] M Bhatnagar, C.P. Jain, and S.S. Sisodia, Anti-ulcer activity of Withania somnifera in stress plus pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research, 5(1), 2005, 287-292.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Can Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a marker for microalbuminuria in prediabetes group
Country	::	INDIA
Authors	::	Anjaneya Prasad V || Sirisha Y || Pradeep Babu K V
Page No.	::	48-51
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32204851
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0323048051

Abstract Objective: Non – alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an imageological entity without elevation of liver enzymes. The purpose of this case – control study was to corelate microalbuminuria to Prediabetes with and without NAFLD. Method: This study was done at the Department of Medicine,DR. PSIMS & RF Chinaoutpally, A.P. India between Jan 2012 to Dec 2012. 200 patients (100 cases, 100 controls) above 18 years of age were included in this study. The microalbuminuria reference range was 30 – 300mg/day. Results: Microalbuminuria levels were found to be significantly higher in Prediabetes patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease than prediabetes alone.

Key Words: NAFLD, Prediabetes, Microalbuminuria

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Phyto, Physicochemical Standardization of Medicinal Plant Enicostemma Littorale, Blume
Country	::	Sri Lanka
Authors	::	Vinotha Sanmugarajah || Ira Thabrew || Sri Ranjani Sivapalan
Page No.	::	52-58
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-32205258
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0321052058

Enicostemma littorale, Blume (Gentianaceae) is a glabrous perennial herb and it is found in open, sandy places among sparse grass close the beach throughout the dry zone in Sri Lanka. It is traditionally used to treat inflammatory and painful conditions like arthritis, back pain; diabetes mellitus and to regulate bowel functions. Phyto, physicochemical standardization of dried, matured whole plants of E. littorale has been carried out in the present study. The study includes organoleptic characters along with estimation of its physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, pH, ash values, extractability in water and ethanol and preliminary phytochemical screening. The generated information of the present study will provide data which is helpful in the correct identification and authentication of this medicinal plant and may help in preventing its adulteration.

Key Words: Enicostemma littorale, Indian gentian, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization

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