Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Use of Aphrodisiacs amongst women in Kano, northern Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	D Garba || I S Abubakar || I A Yakasai || M K Magashi
Page No.	::	1-04
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0342014
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/03420104

An aphrodisiac is a substance that increases sexual desire. Many foods, drinks, and behaviors have had a reputation for making sex more attainable and/or pleasurable. Men and women alike have continued to use aphrodisiacs whether or not these drugs have any scientific basis of truly improving sexual satisfaction without regards to their composition. Objective: To look at the use of medications to enhance sexual performance among women attending gynaecology clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Nigeria. Results: 500 clients were interviewed, 220 use some medications to enhance their sexual performance (44.0%). The mean age of the respondents was 27 years, SD 5.37, mean parity was 2.6 with a SD 2.43.There is a statistically significant relationship between age andparity (P=0.05). Women in monogamous relationship were found to use medication to enhance sexual satisfactioncompared to those in polygamous relationship. The herbalist/traditional houses were the major source of these medications (40.96%) followed by peer influence (30.91%), while health workers contribute only 2.27%.30% of the users felt more vaginal wetness with the use of the medications, however 37% of users felt no change in sexual activity. The medications did not meet the expectations of 49% of the users. Conclusion: The major sources of such medications are the traditionalists who never disclose the constituents of such medications.
Keywords: Aphrodisiacs, sexual performance,women

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The Effects of Inhibitors and anti-GTF-Ib antibodyon Growth of Mutans Streptococci Streptococcus sobrinus (serotype G) N10 Strain
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Essam F. A. Al-Jumaily || Nada H. A. Al-Mudallal || Nidhal A.A. Muhimen || Abd Al-wahid Al-Shaibany
Page No.	::	05-09
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0342059
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/03420509

In this study the effect of different concentrations of inhibitors (sodium fluoride, chlorohexidine, EDTA and ZAK mouthrins) was tested on the growth of Streptococcus sobrinusserotype G N10 strain by using broth dilution method ( in liquid media) and diffusion method on solid media. It was found that different concentrations of anti- GTF-Ibantibody and EDTA were incapable to inhibit the growth of bacterial isolate whereas the inhibitors (sodium chloride and chlorohexidine ) at concentrations (18 mM) and (20mM) respectively were capable to produce a complete bacterial inhibition, and ZAK mouthrins at concentration (12mM) was able also to inhibit the bacterial growth by using broth dilution method. Also the effect of the same concentrations of these compounds within which anti – GTF-Ib antibody were tested on the enzymatic activity of purified GTF-Ib enzyme which was isolated from the same bacterial isolate. It was found that different concentrations of these compounds and the anti- GTF-Ibantibody were able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the purified GTF-Ib with an exception of EDTA.
Keywords: Streptococcus sobrinus, chemical inhibitors(sodium fluoride, cholohexidine, EDTA and ZAK mouthrins)against GTFs, anti GTF-Ibantibody

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microcapsules Of Rifampicin
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Gottapu Prashanti
Page No.	::	10-14
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034201014
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0342010014

Mucoadhesive microcapsules of rifampicin were prepared by orifice ionic gelation technique for a novel controlled release product. Sodium alginate, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and chitosan were used as coating polymers in different ratios to obtain elegant microcapsules. The formulations were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, SEM analysis and invitro release studies. The microcapsules were discrete, large almost spherical and free flowing with encapsulation efficiency in the range 75 to 88% and size ranging from 780 to 882nm. Rifampicin release from these microcapsules was slow and extended over longer periods of time depending on polymer coat. Drug release was diffusion controlled and followed first order kinetics. The formulation F11 with coating ratio1:2:2 of sodium alginate and chitosan was found to be suitable for oral controlled release.

Key Words: Rifampicin, tuberculosis, sodium alginate, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, chitosan.

[1]. Ain, Q.U; Sharma, S; Khuller, G.K; Garg, S.K,Alginate-based oral drug delivery system for tuberculosis: pharmacokinetic and therapeutic effects, J Antimicrob Chemother ,2003, 51, 931–938.
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[4]. Jiang L., Gao L., Wang X.,Tang L.,The applications of mucoadhesive polymers in drug delivery. Drug delivery in pharmacy.2010 Mar; 36(3):323-36
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[6]. Quenelle, D. C; Winchester, G. A; Staas, J. K.Treatment of tuberculosis using a combination of sustained-release rifampin-loaded microspheres and oral dosing with isoniazid,. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2001, 45, 1637–44.
[7]. Tonnesen, H. H; Karlsen, J. Alginate in drug delivery systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2002, 28, 621–30.
[8]. Hejazi, R; Amiji, M. Chitosan-based gastrointestinal delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release, 2003, 89, 151–65.
[9]. Manekar N.C. and Joshi, S.B., "Microencapsulation Technique". The Eastern Pharmacist, 1998; 47-49.
[10]. Chowdary K.P.R. and Suresh Babu K.V.V., "Studies on Micro encapsulation by Calcium Alginate". The Eastern Pharmacist, 1989; 2 : 125-126.
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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evaluation of the Efficacy of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) Extract Gel as a Local Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. " A Double Blind Randomised Clinical Trial
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. Verdine Virginia Antony ||, Dr. Deepak Prasad || , Dr. Rahamath ulla khan
Page No.	::	15-21
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034201521
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0342015021

Periodontal diseases comprise of a group of inflammatory conditions of the supporting tissues of the teeth that are initiated by microorganism. The removal or inhibition of subgingival plaque and maintenance is dependent on continued plaque control for which adjunctive local antimicrobial therapy has shown promising results. In the present study, we explored the efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract gel as a local drug delivery in the treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis and evaluated the clinical as well as the microbiological benefits when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. Method: 20 patients with chronic periodontitis in the age group of 30-55 years, with pocket depth of > 5mm with radiographic evidence of bone loss participated in the study. Following scaling and root planing the neem extract gel and placebo gel were placed at the experimental and control sites respectively. The clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months while the microbiological parameters were recorded at baseline, 7 days, 15 days and 30 days respectively. Results: The results showed improvements in the clinical parameters both at the control and the experimental sites. However, the experimental sites showed better results compared to the control site. The microbiological analysis proved a relative reduction of the periodontal pathogens at both the experimental as well as the control site with the control site showing a significantly higher reduction. Conclusion: Neem extract gel produced more improvements in clinical as well as microbiological parameters than the control. The approach of local delivery of a natural extract with no known side effects has proved promising results.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica (Neem), Clinical parameters, microbiological parameters, Therapeutic use.

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Traditional Knowledge of Konda Dora Tribes, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S. B. Padal || J. Butchi Raju ||P. Chandrasekhar
Page No.	::	22-28
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034202228
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0342022028

Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh is known for Konda Dora tribe. Konda Dora tribe is divided into a number of clans such as Korra, Killo, Swabi, Ontalu, Kimud, Pangi, Paralek, Mandelek, Bidaka, Somelunger, Surrek, Goolorigune olijukula etc., Konda Dora are very dominant in the district. Frequent field trips were conducted in Konda Dora rich areas to collect the Traditional Botanical Knowledge and Ethno-medicinal plants used by the Konda Dora. Because of modernization, all the ethno-botanical knowledge is declining day by day, so there is an urgent need to document the knowledge of ethnic people. Here 68 plant species belong to 63 genus of ethno- medicinal value were recorded from Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India
Keywords: Traditional knowledge, ethnobotany, konda dora tribe, visakhapatnam, Andhra pradesh.

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[12]. Hema, L & N. Yesodamma. Importance of Medicinal Plants of Ardhagiri hill, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. International Seminar on Medicinal Plants and Herbal products. 2008, 7th-9th March. Page. 45.
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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Drug Designing An Ayurvedic Perspective
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Abhilash Mullasseril
Page No.	::	29-33
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034202933
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0342029033

The Computer Assisted Drug Designing and Discovery is an emerging area of Scientific research with great importance. The knowledge abstraction for achieving the goals of this research is not only limited to modern computational chemistry or pharmacy. The computational scientists are ready to widen their knowledge based on all branches of medicines and we can also find relevant and significant information from alternative medicines like ayurveda. This paper aims to correlate the modern drug discovery concept to the traditional Indian system of medicine known as Ayurveda. The computer assisted drug designing is the modern concept in which the concept of Artificial Intelligence is widely applied throughout the processes. The research for improvising methodologies adopted many terminologies from the different branches of knowledge and made the field more interdisciplinary in nature. The philosophical bases of the Ayurvedic concept of Aushadha and Tridosha theory of diagnosis are also found relevant in the field of modern drug discovery and development and are able to give new insights to the scientists and medicinal chemists.
Keywords: Drug, Drug discovery and Development, Lipinski rules, Aushadha, Pathya, Medicinal Chemistry, Ayurveda, Alternative medicines.

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Triterpene Glycosides from the Aerial Parts and Seeds of Bupleurum Falcatum
Country	::	U.S.A
Authors	::	Venkata Sai Prakash Chaturvedula || Indra Prakash
Page No.	::	34-37
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034203437
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0342034037

Phytochemical studies of the aqueous alcoholic extract of the aerial parts and seeds of Bupleurum falcatum furnished two known oleanane triterpene glycosides namely saikosaponin A, and saikosaponin D. The structures of the two isolated compounds 1-2 were characterized and their complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments were made based on COSY, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic data as well as chemical studies..
Keywords:Bupleurum falcatum, Apiaceae, Triterpene glycosides, NMR, MS, Chemical studies, Structural characterization

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[3.] Chaturvedula, V.S.P.; Rhea, J.; Milanowski, D.; Mocek, U., Prakash, I. Two minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011, 6, 175-178.
[4.] Chaturvedula, V. S. P.; Mani, U.; Prakash, I. Diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Molecules. 2011, 16, 3552-3562.
[5.] Chaturvedula, V. S. P.; Prakash, I. A new diterpenoid glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana. Molecules. 2011, 16, 2937-2943.
[6.] Chaturvedula, V. S. P.; Prakash, I. Structures of the novel diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Carbohydr. Res. 2011, 346, 1057-1060.
[7.] Chaturvedula, V. S. P.; Rhea, J.; Milanowski, D.; Mocek, U.; Prakash, I. Two minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011, 6, 175-178.
[8.] Chaturvedula, V. S. P.; Prakash, I. Additional minor diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011, 6, 1059-1062.
[9.] Chaturvedula, V.S.P.; Clos, J.F.; Rhea, J.; Milanowski, D.; Mocek, U., DuBois, G.E.; Prakash, I. Phytochemistry Lett. 2011, 4, 209-212.
[10.] Chaturvedula, V. S. P.; Mani, U.; Prakash, I. Structures of the novel α-glucosyl linked diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Carbohydr. Res. 2011, 346, 2034-2038.
[11.] Chaturvedula, V.S.P.; Prakash, I. Curcubitane Glycosides from Siraitia grosvenorii, J. Carbhydr. Chem, 2011, 30, 16-26.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Role of irbesartan in protection against pulmonary toxicity induced by bleomycin in rats
Country	::	Egypt
Authors	::	Mariam A. El-Gamal || Sawsan A. Zaitone || Yasser M. Moustafa
Page No.	::	38-47
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034203847
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0342038047

Bleomycin (BLM) is an anti-neoplastic, antibiotic drug that produces dose and time dependant pulmonary fibrosis. Recent studies reported some mechanisms of irbesartan in attenuating lung and skin fibrosis in mice. Therefore, the current study was conducted to examine the effect of irbesartan focusing on angiogenesis and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) expression as possible mechanisms in protection against BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats. The effect of irbesartan on the serum and tissue levels of growth factors and mRNA expression of PAI-1 were studied. Oral administration of irbesartan (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day) to rats for 21 days, starting from the first day of bleomycin injection (10 mg/kg/day/10 days, i.p.) attenuated the severity of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, enhanced the histopathological features of the lungs, reduced serum transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) compared to BLM group without any improvement in the survival percentage. In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed lower expression of angiotensin-II type 1 receptor (AT1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in lung tissues after treatment with irbesartan (20 and 40mg/kg) compared to BLM-treated group. Importantly, irbesartan (10, 20 and 40mg/kg) suppressed the expression of PAI-1 gene in lung tissues while increased both serum level and immunohistochemical staining of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to BLM-treated group. So that, the present study concluded that the ameliorating effect of irbesartan against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats involves increasing angiogenesis, reduction of PAI-1 gene expression and modulation of growth factors.
Keywords: Angiogenesis, bleomycin, irbesartan, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, pulmonary fibrosis.

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Physiological Effects Of Melatonin on Leptin, Testosterone and Biochemical Parameters in Albino Rats
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Sarbast A. Mahmud ||Almas M. R. Mahmud
Page No.	::	48-53
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034204853
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0342048053

The objective for the present study is to investigate of the effects of melatonin (MEL) on serum leptin, testosterone, liver function test parameters in control and pinealectomized (PINx) rats. Thirty seven adult male rats were used in this study. The experimental rats were divided into six groups, and the treatments were continued for six weeks as the following: Group 1: Control rats. Group 2: Sham-operated surgery rats. Group 3: (PINx) rats. Group 4: PINx rats + melatonin (60 mg / Kg diet). Group 5: Melatonin (60 mg / Kg diet). Group 6: Melatonin (120 mg / Kg diet). Reduction in MEL secretion was induced by removing of pineal gland (pinealectomy). Results showed that pinealectomy and MEL treatment at high dose in control rats significantly reduced serum leptin concentration, but MEL at low dose administration in PINx and control rats significantly elevated serum leptin concentration. On the other hand, both doses of MEL significantly decreased serum testosterone concentration. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity and malenaldehyde (MDA) levels increased in PINx rats. On the other hand, MEL (60 mg / kg diet) administration decreased serum transaminases activity and MDA level toward normal activity in PINx rats. In conclusion: Melatonin has important roles in the control of leptin production and the regulation of reproductive system (by decreasing testosterone concentration) ,also ,it decreased serum transaminases in PINx rats and this suggests that melatonin has a hepatoprotective role.
Keywords: melatonin, leptin, testosterone, oxidative stress.

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