Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Factors Favouring Cholelithiasis in North Indian Population
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Anamika Gaharwar
Page No.	::	01-03
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-035101-03
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/03510103

The present study was done on 132 cases those underwent cholecystectomy for benign Gall Bladder disease. Our study concluded that maximum ,58 cases(43.94%) number of cases were in the age group of 41-50 years followed by 30 cases in 31-40 years of age group. 121 cases(91.66%) were females and 11 cases(8.33%) were males. 18 cases( 12%) were diabetic and 114 cases (88%) were non-diabetic. Among 121 females 78 (64.6%) were taking oral contraceptives and 43 (35.4%) were not taking oral contraceptives. We observed that high incidence of Gall Stone is in the age group of 40-50 years, Females on Oral Contraceptive Pills are more prone for cholelithiasis. Diabetes promotes Bile stasis and Gall Bladder stones
Keywords: Gallstones, cholelithiasis, Gall bladder, Risk Factors

[1]. Russel RCG ,Williams NS, Blustrade GJK – Bailey stones. Short Practice of surgery , 23 Edition Arnold Publishers , 20009,74 - 973
[2]. Dimerbroek , Anatome Corporis humani Utrecht :1672.
[3]. GREPCO ,The Epidemiology of gall stone disease in Rome , Italy .part 1 Hepatology ; 8: 1988 904-913
[4]. Zuhair R , Al Bahrani Hani mohammad, Saleh AL Ansari Prevelance and Morphology and chemical composition of Gall stones The Iraqi Post graduate medical Journal vol. 10 No.1 , 2011
[5]. Bennion LJ,Genoberg RL , Effect of oral contracepyives on the Gall stone disease Bile of normal women N. England J.Med 294 : 189 , 1976
[6]. Barbara L,Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, RusticaAG , Festi D , Sapico C, Roda E, Banterle C, Pauci A, et al Clinica Medica , Universita , Bologna Italy Hepatology sep –oct , 7(5) 1989:913-17

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Antiretroviral Drug Substitution Practice in the Treatment Of HIV/TB Co- Infection
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	1Godwin .I. Achinge, ||Peter T. Mbaave, ||Terkaa .T. Bitto, || Vivian .N. Shaahu, ||Hameed Mohammed, ||Jonah O. Abah
Page No.	::	04-06
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-035104-06
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/03510406

This was a study to evaluate antiretroviral drug substitution practice in the treatment of HIV/TB co-infection. METHODS: The study was a retrospective review of HIV patients who were treated for tuberculosis over a 2 year period at the HIV clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi. All patients who registered for HIV services at that period were reviewed. The case notes of those patients who were treated for tuberculosis during the study period were retrieved, data extracted for analysis using SPSS version 16. Case notes with insufficient information were excluded. RESULTS: 450 patients were screened for TB, 75 had active TB giving a TB prevalence of 16.7%. One third (33.3%) were aged 30-39 years, 22 (29.3%) were 40-49 years, 17 (22.7%) were <30years and 11 (14.7%) were ≥50years old. Majority 46 (61.3%) of the patients were females. Over half 41(54.7%) had secondary or tertiary education and were single, divorced, separated or widowed. Only 28 (37.3%) were on Efavirenz, an equal number 27 (36%) were on a Nevirapine while 2 (2.7%) were on a Protease Inhibitor. CONCLUSION: This study showed poor compliance with Nigerian treatment protocol for TB/HIV co-infection. Effort to improve TB control in HIV patients are urgently needed
Keywords: Antiretroviral, HIV/TB, Co-infection, substitution, practice

[1]. Federal Ministry of Health. Department of Public Health. Guidelines for the clinical management of TB and HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. Abuja 2008.
[2]. WHO. AIDS, TB and Malaria. http://www.afro.who.int/en/nigeria/country-programmes/aids-tb-and-malaria.html. (Accessed May 30, 2013)
[3]. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kadhiravan T.. HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology. diagnosis and management. Indian J Med Res. 2005 Apr;121(4):550–67. [PubMed]
[4]. WHO. TB/HIV. http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/hiv/en/index.html. (Accessed May 30, 2013)
[5]. De Carvalho BM, Monteiro AJ, Neto RJP, Grangeiro TB, Frota CC. Factors related to HIV/ TB coinfection in a Brazilian Reference Hospital. BJID. 2008;12(4):281–286. [PubMed]
[6]. Federal Ministry of Health. Department of Public Health. National AIDS/STI Control Programme. Technical report on the 2010 National HIV Sero-prevalence Sentinel Survey. Abuja 2010.
[7]. Federal Ministry of Health. Department of Public Health. National AIDS/STI Control Programme. Technical report on the 2001 National HIV Sero-prevalence Sentinel Survey. Abuja 2001

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	An Improved Rapid HPLC Method for the Separation of Five Anti-Hypertensive Agents Using C18 Column: Application to Hydrochlorothiazide Determination in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Ravisankar Panchumarthy || Devala Rao Garikapati
Page No.	::	07-19
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-035107-19
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/035107019

A selective, sensitive and accurate HPLC method with UV detection was developed and validated for the separation of five anti-hypertensive agents and applied for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. One of the key goals of HPLC technique is to achieve a consistent and reproducible separation. RP-HPLC method was developed by using Welchrom C18 Column (4.6 mm i.d. X 250 mm, 5 μm particle size), Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence Liquid Chromatograph. The mobile phase constituted of 10 mM Phosphate buffer (pH3.0, adjusted with triethylamine): acetonitrile (50:50, v/v).The flow rate was set to 1.0 mL/min with the responses measured at 235nm using Shimadzu SPD-20A Prominence UV-Visible detector. The retention times of atenolol hydrochloride, metoprolol succinate, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine besylate and nebivolol hydrochloride were found to be 2.303 min, 2.827 min, 3.543 min, 4.253 min and 4.957 min respectively. This method successfully separated all five antihypertensive drugs in less than 6 min. Hydrochlorothiazide was found to give linear response in the concentration range of 2-10μg/mL. Recovery studies were performed to ascertain the accuracy by standard addition method and average recovery was found to be 99.70 to 100.17 %.The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.126616 μg/mL and 0.383686 μg/mL respectively. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form. It can also be extended for the determination of other four anti-hypertensive agents. This method provides simple and fast method with excellent peak symmetry and high resolution.

KEYWORDS: Atenolol hydrochloride, Amlodipine besylate, Hydrochlorothiazide, Metoprolol succinate, Nebivolol hydrochloride, Isocratic RP-HPLC method

[1] Gupta KR, Tajne MR, Wadodkar SG, New spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of metoprolol tartarate and hydrochlorthiazide in tablets, Indian. J. Pharm. Sci, 70(4), 2008, 511-513.
[2] Thomas AB, Chavan UB, Nanda RK, Kothapalli LP, Deshpande AD, Jagdale SN, Dighe SB, Simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of Hydrochlorothiazide, Atenolol and Losartan potassium in tablet dosage form, Hindustan Antibiot. Bull, 51(1-4), 2009, 33-8.
[3] Kamila MM, Mondal N, Ghosh LK, Gupta BK, A validated UV spectrophotometric method for estimation of nebivolol hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation, Pharmazie, 62(7), 2007, 486-7.
[4] S Mohammadi-Samani, A Boostanian, The Effect of HLB on the Release Profile of Atenolol from Ethyl Cellulose-coated Tablets, Iranian J. Pharm. Res, 3(3), 2004, 145-148.
[5] Mohamed I Walash, Fathallah F Belal, Nahed M El-Enany, Mahmoud H El-Maghrabey, Synchronous fluorescence spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and felodipine in combined pharmaceutical preparation, Chem. Cent. J, 5, 2011, 70-9.
[6] Patole SM, Khodke AS, Potale LV, Damle MC, A validated densitometric method for analysis of atorvastatin calcium and metoprolol tartarate as bulk drugs and in combined capsule dosage forms, J. Young Pharmacists, 3, 2011, 55-9.
[7] Shirkhedkar AA, Bugdane PM, Surana SJ, Stability-Indicating TLC-densitometric determination of nebivolol hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form, J. Chromatogr. Sci, 48(2), 2010, 109-13.
[8] Jain PS, Patel MK, Bari SB, Surana SJ, Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Metoprolol Succinate in Bulk and Tablets, Indian J. Pharm. Sci, 74(2), 2012,152-6.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Antifungal Activity Of Olea Cuspidata And Olea Gladulifera Linn
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Preeti Majgaine || D.L.Verma
Page No.	::	20-23
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0351020-23
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0351020023

The antifungal activity of dichloromethane extrct of Olea cuspidate and Olea glandulifera was investigated against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The plants were extracted with dichloromethane and antifungal screening of this extract was done by disc diffusion method. Flavonoidal compounds were present in dichloromethane fraction and it is reported that flavonoidse responsible for antifungal activity. The diameters of inhibition zones were used as a measure of antifungal activity and resulting zone of inhibition was measured around the disc with transparent scale in millimeters..

 

KEYWORDS: Olea cuspidate, Olea glandulifera, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger

[1] Amer S, Aly MM, Sabbagh S, 2006. Biocontrol of dermatophytes using some plant extracts and actinomycetes filtrates. Egyptian J. Biotechnol., 330-315
[2] Aziz N.H, Farag S.E., Mousa L.A., Abo-Zaid M.A. (1998). Comparative antibacterial and antifungal effects of some phenolic compounds. Microbios, 93: 43-54.
[3] Battinelli L; Daniele C; Cristiani G; Mazzanti G., 2006. In vitro antifungal and anti-elastase activity of some aliphatic aldehydefrom Olea europaea L. fruit.Phytomedicine,13(8): 558-563.
[4] Benavente- Garcia O., Castillo J., Lorente J., Ortuno A., Del Rio J.A. (2000). Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L. Leaves. Food Chem. 68: 457- 462.
[5] Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, l.C. (1956), Glossary of Indian ` Medipinai Plants, C.S.1.R., New Delhi, 1-329
[6] Cruiskshank R., J.P. Duguid, B.P. Marmion and R.H. Swain (1975).Medicinal Microbiology,12th Edition Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh.
[7] Denyer SP; Stewart GSA B. Int. Biodetect, Biodeg; 1998, 41, 261-268.
[8] Furneri PM; Marino A; Saija A; Uccella N and Bissignano G. 2002, Int. J. Antimicrob, 20, 293-296.
[9] Gourama H., Bullerman L.B. (1987). Effect of oleuropein on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Lebensm. Wiss U. Technol., 20: 226-228.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Validated Stability of Omeprazole Sodium Injection in 0.9% Sodium Chloride and 5% Dextrose Solutions by RP-HPLC
Country	::	India
Authors	::	M. Sankar || S. Arulantony
Page No.	::	24-30
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0351024-30
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0351024030

ABSTRACT: A specific, accurate, precise and reproducible stability indicating investigation of RP-HPLC method has been developed for omeprazole sodium injection in 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose solutions. The chromatographic separation was achieved by using the Zorbax Eclipse C8 column (250 mm X 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2): acetonitrile in the ratio of 75:25 (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The UV detection was performed at 280 nm. It was subsequently validated according to ICH and USP guidelines. The described method was linear over the concentration range of 80-240 μg/ml. The specificity of the method shows that the analyte was not interfered by the presence of excipients in both 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose solutions and the stability of the analyte after reconstitution was found stable for 24 hours in both 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose solutions. Robustness studies were found satisfactory; hence it proves that the method was robust. The developed method was successfully employed for the determination of omeprazole sodium injection, when it reconstituted with 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose solutions.

 

KEY WORDS: Omeprazole, RP-HPLC, Sodium Chloride, Dextrose, and Validation

[1] Prilosec Prescribing Information. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Available online at: http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Prilosec.pdf, 2012.

[2] M. Vaz-Da-Silva, A. I. Loureiro, T. Nunes, J. Maia, S. Tavares, A. Falcao, P. Silveira, L. Almeida, Bioavailability and bioequivalence of two enteric-coated formulations of omeprazole in fasting and fed conditions, Clinical Drug Investigation, 25(6), 2005, 391-399.

[3] Available online at: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00338#pharmacology, 2005.

[4] Y. X. Yang, J. D. Lewis, S. Epstein, D. C. Metz, Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture, JAMA, 296(24), 2006, 2947-2953.

[5] A. Riedel, C. S. Leopold, Quantification of omeprazole degradation by enteric coating polymers: an UV-VIS spectroscopy study, Pharmazie, 60(2), 2005, 126-130.

[6] D. Kumaraswamy, B. S. Rathinaraj, C. H. Rajveer, S. Sudharshini, B. Shrestha, Statistical assurance of process validation by analytical method development and validation for omeprazole capsules and blend, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences,1(3), 2010, 50-54.
[7] D. Yaswanth Kumar, K. S. S. N. Neelima, V. Ravinder, M. Rajesh, Simultaneous estimation of Omeprazole, magnesium and domperidone tablets by ultraviolet spectroscopy, PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2-3), 2011, 207-210.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pesticide (Fenitrothion) Resistant Bacteria from Agricultural Field
Country	::	Bangladesh
Authors	::	M. A. Akhter || R. Laz
Page No.	::	31-38
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0351031-38
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0351031038

Elimination of pollutants from contaminated sites using microorganisms is a cheaper alternative to chemical technology. There is therefore a need to isolate, identify and characterize the microorganisms that exist and interact in contaminated environment and to isolate the genetic determinants of resistance, frequently located on plasmids and transposons. Investigations were carried out to isolate microbial strains from the fenitrothion polluted soil. Bacteria were isolated using enrichment culture technique containing fenitrothion as sole source of carbon and energy was isolated in pure culture and selected for their ability to degrade fenitrothion. Growth curve experiments showed that the bacterial consortium was able to grow in mineral medium containing fenitrothion as the only carbon source. The microorganisms were identified as Bascillus sp. The identity of the isolate was determined through biochemical and morphological characteristics. For more confirmation, 16s rRNA gene analysis was done using PCR with universal primers. Comparative analysis of the 16s rRNA gene sequences in the Gene Bank database revealed that this bacteria was related to the genus Basicllus substilis. The bacterial strains were found to harbor endogenous plasmids

 

KEYWORDS: Bacteria, Biochemical characters, Fenitrothion, Gene sequencing

[1] P.J. John, Alteration of certain blood parameters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to Metasystox and Sevin, Fish Physiol. and Biochem, 33, 2007, 15–20.

[2] D.E. Bahig, and D.A. Altalhi, Degradative plasmid and heavy metal resestance plasmid naturally coexist in phenol and cyanide assimilating bacteria. Am. J. Biochem. And biotechnol. 5(2), 2009, 84-93.

[3] O.E. Fagade, and E.M. Adetutu, Lead solubilization and accumulation by two stains of Pseudomonas species obtained from a battery manufacturing factory effluent. Nigeria Jour. Microbiol, 13, 1999, 39-46. (6)

[4] P. Vandevivere, and W. Verstraete, Environmental applications, in basic Biotechnology. 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, 531-557.

[5] H. Zolgharnein, M.L.M.M. Azmi, M.Z. Saad, A.R. Mutalib, and C.A.R. Mohamed, Detection of plasmids in heavy metals resestance bacteria isolated from the Persian Gulf and enclosed industrial areas. Iran. J. Biotechnol, 5, 2007, 232-239.

[6] G.J. Tortora, B.R. Funke, and C.L. Case, Microbiology: an Introduction (Benjamin/cummings Publishing Company. California. USA, 1998), 169-176.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Relationship Between Serum Adiponectin and Plasma Fatty Acids Composition In Off-Shore (Rig) Workers In Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Orluwene Chituru Godwill || Kasia Benedicta E.
Page No.	::	39-46
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0351039-46
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0351039046

The concentration and type of fat in the diet influence the development of obesity and related inflammatory activity. Knowledge of the possible influence of dietary habits on serum adiponectin, a molecule with putative anti-inflammatory properties, maybe helpful in preventing atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.The relationship between dietary fat (inferred from plasma fatty acid composition from gas-liquid chromatography) and serum adiponectin (measured by competitiveradioimmunoassay) was evaluated in 70 adult healthy off-shore (Rig) workers.The proportion of saturated fatty acids in plasma was significantly associated with serum adiponectin (r = -0.23; P = 0.01).Specifically, percentage of palmitic acid (C16:0) was significantly associated with lower adiponectin concentration (r = -0.30; P = 0.001), particularly among women (r = -0.37; P =0.01) and non-smokers (r = -0.32; P = 0.005). Percentage of myristicacid (C14:0) was also significantly associated with lower adiponectin among non-smokers (r = -0.26; p = 0.02) and women (r = -0.40; P = 0.01).The other fatty acids were not significantlyassociated with adiponectin except for eicosanoic acid (C20:1 w-9), which was significantly and positively associated with serum adiponectin in all individuals (r = 0.22; P = 0.01). This latter association was most significant in smokers (r = 0.42; P = 0.006). In a multivariate regression analysis to predict serum circulating adiponectin, after controlling for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and the individual remaining fatty acids, the percentages of palmitic acid (P = 0.005) andeicosanoic acid (P = 0.02) contributed independently (8% and 5%, respectively) to adiponectin variance. Among non-smokers, the percentage of palmitic acid (p = 0.01) and w-3 fatty acids contributed 10% and 9% respectively, to adioponectin variance. Among smokers, the percentage of eicosanoic acid (P = 0.03) contributed to 12% of adiponectin variance, independently of body mass index, age, waist-to-hip ratio, and the remaining individual fatty acids.Saturated and w-3 fatty acids of dietary origin (inferred from plasma fatty acid composition) are associated with serum adiponectin concentration in healthy industrial (Rig) workers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The proportion of eicosanoic acid also appears to be positively associated with serum adiponectin. The knowledge of how these interactions occur may be helpful in the planning of dietary measures aimed at the modulation of inflammatory activity.

 

KEYWORDS: Serum-Adiponectin, Plasma-fatty-acids, off-shore (Rig)-workers, Bayelsa-state, Nigeria.

[1]. Fernandez-Real JM, Ricart W. Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome. Endocr Rev 24, 2003, 278-301.

[2]. Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1), BiochemBiophys Res Commun 221, 1996, 286-289.

[3]. Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M,Baldini G, Lodish HF. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J. BiolChem 270, 1995, 26746-26749.

[4]. Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjolin E, Wahlen K, Arner P. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 89, 2004, 1391-1396.

[5]. Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, Ebbets-Reed D, Erickson MR, Yen FT, et al. Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-KDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. ProcNatiAcadSci USA 98 2001, 2005-2010.