Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils against the growth of Escherichia coli
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Mustafa Ha. Rasool
Page No.	::	01-06
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-036101-06
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/03610106

Plant essential oils a well known herbs that was widely used in traditional medicine and food preservation due to the antimicrobial properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of natural essential oils alone and in combination with tetracycline antibiotic against E.coli growth. In this study the antimicrobial effects of rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis), clove(Sygium aromaticus), cumin(Cuminum cyminum) and ginger(Zingiber officinale) were tested alone and with tetracycline at concentration of (1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10) w/v dilution concentration which incorporated into Muller Hinton Agar that inoculated with pure activated E.coli culture and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C , the inhibition zone diameter was recorded. The obtained result showed that clove and rosemary essential oil alone was indicated the antimicrobial action, while clove, rosemary and ginger in combination with tetracycline were exhibited much more antimicrobial action than in tetracycline positive control against E.coli growth. This study emphasize the antibacterial properties of rosemary, clove and ginger essential oils in combination with tetracycline against E.coli were much higher than that of tetracycline, such combinations can be recommended for therapeutic purpose and be used as alternative medicine.

 

KEY WORDS :Antimicrobial activity, Esherichia coli, Inhibition zone, Plant essential oils, Tetracycline

[1] Al-Sheddi, E.S, Pharmacognostical Study of Salvia merjamieForsk Growing in Saudi Arabia, PhD thesis.King Saud University, 2009.
[2] Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H.J.D., Deans, S.G., Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Ruberto, G., Antimicrobial andantioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13, 1998, 235–244.
[3] Seenivasan Prabuseenivasan, Manickkam Jayakumar and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2006, 6:39 doi, (2006), 1186/1472-6882-6-39, This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/6/39 .
[4] Nazia Masood Ahmed Chaudhry And Perween Tariq, Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamonum cassia against diverse microbial flora with its nutritional and medicinal impacts, Pak. J. Bot., 38(1), 2006, 169-174.
[5] Omidbeygi M., Barzegar M., Hamidi Z., Naghdibadi H, Antifungal activity of thyme, summer savory and clove essential oils against Aspergillusflavus in liquid medium and tomato paste. Food Control, 18, (2007), 1518–1523.
[6] YesilCeliktas O., HamesKocabas E.E., Bedir E., Vardar Sukan F., Ozek T., Baser K.H.C, Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinusofficinalis, depending onlocation and seasonal variations. Food Chemistry,100, 2007, 553–559.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effects of Roystonea Regia (D-004) and Saw Palmetto Lipid Extracts in Men with Symptomatic benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Country	::	Cuba
Authors	::	Raúl Guzmán|| Ramiro Fragas|| José Illnait,|| Rosa Mas|| Lilia Fernández || Manuel Pedroso|| Jilma Mena|| Ana T. Rodríguez|| Sarahí Mendoza|| Esther Enrique|| Raiza Martinez|| Julio Fernández|| Rafael Gámez || Lisete Borrero|| Dalmer Ruiz
Page No.	::	07-14
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-036107-14
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/036107014

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), common among elderly men, often causes lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). BPH/LUTS pharmacological therapies include 5--reductase inhibitors, 1-adrenoreceptors blockers and phytotherapies, like saw palmetto (SP) lipid extracts. D-004, a lipid extract of Roystonea regia fruits, reduced experimental prostate hyperplasia in rodents and the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) as effectively as SP in a pilot trial in men with BPH.
Objective: To compare the effects of D-004 and SP in the treatment of men with symptomatic BPH. Methods: Sixty-one patients with moderate BPH were double-blindly randomised to D-004 or SP (320 mg/day both) capsules for 4 months. Decrease on IPSS was the primary efficacy variable. Effects on prostate size, residual volume post-voiding and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) were secondary outcomes. Results: After 2 months on therapy, D-004 and SP decreased (p<0.05) mean IPSS values by 2.1 units versus baseline (15.8% and 16.0% decreases, respectively). This effect increased at study completion, when IPSS decreased by 4.8 (36.0%) with D-004 and by 4.5 units (34.1%) with SP (p<0.0001 in both cases), without differences between groups. Both treatments did not modify prostate size, residual volume post-voiding. Treatment with SP, not with D-004, increased (p<0.05) serum PAS. Two SP-treated patients withdrew from the study, one due to an adverse experience (hemorrhagic stroke). One D-004- and 2 SP-treated patients experienced adverse experiences. Conclusions: D-004 (320 mg/day) for 4 months was as effective as SP (320 mg/day) for decreasing LUTS in men with moderate BPH, and well tolerated. Further studies should confirm these results.

 

KEY WORDS: benign prostate hyperplasia, D-004, IPSS, PSA, Roystonea regia, saw palmetto

[1]. C.G. Roehrborn, Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Med Clin North Am, 95, 2011,87-100. [2]. A. Hutchison, R. Farmer, K. Verhamme, R. Berges, R. Vela. The efficacy of drugs for the treatment of LUTS/BPH. A study in 6 European countries, European Urology, 51, 2007, 207–216. [3]. X.S. Liu, C. Folia, L.G. Gomella, Pharmacology for common urologic diseases: 2011 review for the primary care physician, Can J Urol, 18 Suppl, 2011, 24-38. [4]. R.F. Donnell, Benign prostate hyperplasia: a review of the year's progress from bench to clinic, Curr Opin Urol, 21, 2011, 22-26. [5]. F. Azzouni, J. Mohler, Role of 5α-reductase inhibitors in benign prostatic diseases, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 15, 2012, 222-230.
[6]. J. Yuan, Y. Liu, Z. Yang, X. Qin, K. Yang, C. Mao, The efficacy and safety of alpha-1 blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia: an overview of 15 systematic reviews, Curr Med Res Opin, 29, 2013, 279-87.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect of long term administration of halofantrine hydrochloride (halfan) on the morphology and histology of the testes of adult wistar rat
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	L. H. Adamu|| M. G. Taura|| I. T. Abdu|| A. Y. Asuku || S. Datti || A. A. Sadeek
Page No.	::	15-19
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361015-19
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361015019

The effect of halfan on the body weight, morphology and histology of the testes of adult wistar rats were studied. Twenty male adult wistar rats were divided into four groups with five rats in each group, and the drug at a dose of 0.05 mg/ 100 g, 0.1 mg/ 100 g, 0.15 mg / 100 g body weight were administered orally to group B, C and D respectively, three times at six hourly intervals for five days. Control group (group A) received 0.05 mg / 100g of normal saline. The data were analyzed using ANOVA for testicular variables and student t-test for the body weight and P <0.05 was considered as level of significance. The result showed no significant (p > 0.05) morphological differences in the testes of all groups and decrease in body weight was only significant (p < 0.001) in group D. The drug has no adverse effect on the histological structure of the testes using therapeutic dose, but causes some degenerative changes in seminiferous tubule at higher doses. Apparently, halfan used in the treatment of malaria has no adverse effects on body weight as well as on morphology and histology of testes of adult wistar rats

 

KEY WORDS: Halfan, histology, malaria, morphology, testes

[1]. R.W. Snow, C.A. Guerra, H.Y Myint, S.I. Hay, The global distribution of clinical episodes of lasmodium Falciparum malaria. Nature, 434, 2004, 214-7
[2]. W. Trager, J.B. Jensen, Human malarial parasite in continuous culture. Science, 193, 1976, 673-5
[3]. M.D. James, H.M.Gills, Human Anti parasitic Drug; Pharmacology and Usage John Wiley and Sons, 1985, 120
[4]. Halfan Product Data (1988): SmithKline and French laboratory ltd.
[5]. F. Nosten, F.O. TerKuile, C. Luxemburger, Cardiac effect of antimalarial treatment with halofantrine, Lancent. 341, 1993, 1054-66
[6]. B.C. Didia, P.S. Igbigbi, D.V. Dapper, Preliminary study of the effect of halofantrine hydrochloride on the testes of matured wistar rats. Journal of applied science and environmental management, 6: 2002, 45-48

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Physicochemical Analysis of Dashanga Agada – An Ayurvedic Formulation
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. Nitin B. Patil || Dr. S.K. Hiremath || Dr. Nagasri N. Ekbote || Mr. Ajit Lingayat
Page No.	::	20-25
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361020-25
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361020025

Background: Standardization of herbal formulation is essential to assess the quality of drugs. This article reports on standardization of Dashanga Agada, an Ayurvedic formulation indicated in various poisonous and non-poisonous conditions by Ayurvedic as well as traditional Keralian Visha Vaidyas.
Aims: Physicochemical standardization of Dashanga Agada. Methodology: Dashanga Agada was prepared as per classics in Gullika (Tablet) form. In-house preparation has been standardized on the basis of organoleptic characters, physical characteristics, Physico-chemical properties, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods. Results: pH of Dashanga Agada at 5% aqueous solution was 4.58%w/v, Loss on drying at 1100C 10.57% w/w, Total Ash 8% w/w, Acid Insoluble Ash 2.45% w/w, Water Soluble Ash 23.85% w/w, Alcohol Soluble Extractive 15.87% w/w, Methanol Soluble Extractive 23.66% w/w. Fluorescence analysis results indicated no fluorescent material in formulation. Microbial limit test (MLT) showed there was no growth of organisms after 24hrs of incubation as per IP. Thin Layer chromatographic analysis (TLC) showed 10 and 11 picks at 254nm and 366nm respectively. Conclusion: The set parameters can be used as reference standards for the quality control.

 

KEYWORDS: Dashanga Agada, High performance thin layer chromatography, Standardization.

[1]. Vagbhata, Ed. By Paradkar HS. Astanga Hrudaya, with Sarwangasundar Tika of Arunadatta and Ayurved Rasayani of Hemadri., Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surabharati Prakashana;2010. p. 916 (Uttar Tantra37/27-28)
[2]. Ekka Neeli Rose, Nmedo KP, Samal PK. Standardization strategies for herbal drugs. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2008;19:11-15.
[3]. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, New Delhi; Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1976.
[4]. Siddiqui A, Hakim MA. Format for the pharmacopoeial analytical standards of compound formulation, workshop on standardization of unani drugs, Appendix, New Delhi: Central council for research in unani medicine; 1995. P. 25
[5]. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Appendix – 8.1:A-95. New Delhi: Controller of Publication; 1996. P. 2.
[6]. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Appendix – 8.7:A-89. New Delhi: Controller of Publication; 1996. P. 2.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Human cataract prevalence in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Aleyamma kuruvilla || Dr. Issac Thomas
Page No.	::	26-31
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361026-31
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361026031

Aim:-Hospital based study from April 2005 to March 2011 conducted among the population to determine the prevalence of cataract in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state of India. Methodology:-The data's collected from registers of ophthalmology department of district hospital Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram district to access the gender prevalence and prevalence of different age groups. The total number of cataract operation carried in Thiruvananthapuram district was collected from Directorate of Health, Thiruvananthapuram to evaluate the prevalence among the total population. Significance of cataract prevalence was analysed using MATLAB and SPSS statistical package. Result:- Among the total population cataract prevalence in Thiruvananthapuram district was increased from 0.35 % to 0.48% (p = 0.001). Gender prevalence is significantly higher in females (51.9%, 0.004) than in males, suggest that females are more cataract patients. A significantly highest prevalence recorded in the age group of 61-70 years (34.3%, 0.00001) compared with other age groups between 0-100 years. Conclusion:-The present studies of cataract prevalence in Thiruvananthapuram district may to some extend throw light on the gravity of cataract incidence in Kerala state. The present study has shown that Kerala has been able to arrest the increasing prevalence of blindness by improving the general health conditions of individuals and by decreasing the population growth. Kerala still has a problem of treatable blindness, despite being a state with total literacy and good health infrastructure. So a community based programme is also a good strategy for decreasing the cataract prevalence.

 

KEY WORDS: Human cataract, Prevalence

[1]. Bachani D, Murthy GV, Gupta KS. (2000). Indian J Public Health. Rapid assessment of cataract blindness in India. 44(3): 82-9.
[2]. Brown N. P. and Bron A. J. Lens disorders. (1996) In: A clinical manual of cataract diagnosis. Butterworth, Heinemann Ltd., London. Ed. 1. Pp. 91-132.
[3]. Chaterjee A, Milton RC, Thyle S (1982) Cataract prevalence and aetiology in Punjab. Br J of
[4]. Ophthalmol, 66: 35-42.
[5]. Cummings, R.G., Mitchell, P. (1997). Alcohol, smoking and cataract: the blue mountain eye study. Arch Opthalmol. 115 : 1296-1303.
[6]. Dandona, R & Dandona, L. (2003). Childhood blindness in India: a population based perspective. Br. J. Opthalmol. 87: 263-265.
[7]. Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, et al. (2001) Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.; 42: 908–916.
[8]. Finger RP.(2007) Cataracts in India: current situation, access, and barriers to services over time. Ophthal. Epidemiol. 14: 112-118.
[9]. Fu P, Yang L, Bo SY, Na X. (2004). A national survey on low vision and blindness of 0 - 6 years old children in China. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. Sep17; 84(18):1545-8.
[10]. Erin Boyle and Katrina Alersitz. (2008). Study: High prevalence of cataract continues. Ocular surgery news India edition. Sep.
[11]. Gibert, C.E., Anderton, L., Dandona, L, et al. (1999). Prevalence of visual impairment in children: a review of the Available data. Opthalmic. Epidemiol. 6: 73-82

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Amelogenin Gene Failure in Sex Determination of Dry Human Teeth Specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria.
Authors	::	AD Zagga|| H Ahmed, OON || AA Tadros|| SM Ismail.
Page No.	::	32-40
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361032-40
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361032040

The study of teeth reveals a lot concerning forensic medicine. Particularly it is useful in human identification. In addition to determination of age, sex can also be determined from teeth. The genetic difference between males and females is defined by the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome. The majority of the DNA of the sex chromosomes is specific to either the X or Y form. There are regions of homology between the two sex chromosomes that are also useful targets for genetic sex typing of samples. Materials and Methods: A single blind study for genetic sex identification using amelogenin gene multiplex primers on dry human teeth specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria, was undertaken, from 2009 through 2011. No genetic sex identification was achieved in any of the dry human teeth samples. For each group of teeth, PCR Sensitivity = 0%, Specificity = 0%, Predictive value of positive test = 0%, Predictive value of negative test = 0%, False positive rate = 0%, False negative rate = 0%, Efficiency of test = 0%. Fisher's exact probability test P = 1. Z-test: z- and p values were invalid. No genetic sex identification was achieved in any of the dry human teeth samples. Therefore, amelogenin PCR for genetic sex identification should not, at least for now, completely replace traditional morphological methods of sex identification. This is the first known study that used amelogenin gene multiplex primers to determine the sex of human dry teeth specimens by means of PCR in Nigeria. There is need for further studies in Nigeria to complement the findings of this study.

 

KEYWORDS: Amelogenin, failure, sexing, teeth, Sokoto.

[1]. C.E. Gustafson, R.A. Alm, and T.J.Trust, Effect of heat denaturation of target DNA on thePCR amplification, Gene, 123, 1993,
241-4.
[2]. J. Aitchison, Sex differences in teeth, jaws and skulls. Dental Practitioner, 14, 1963, 52-57.
[3]. D.M. Lunt, Identification and tooth morphology. International Journal of Forensic Dentistry, 2, 1974, 3-8.
[4]. B. Olaisen, M Stenersen, and B. Mevg, Identification by DNA analysis of the victims of the August 1996 Spitsbergen civil
Aircraft disaster. Nat Genet, 15, 1997, 402–5.
[5]. R.K. Saiki, S. Scharf, F. Faloona, K.B. Mullis, G.T. Horn, H.A. Erlich et al., Enzymatic amplification of b-globin genomic
Sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle-cell anaemia, Science, 230, 1985, 1350–4.
[6]. E.C. Lau, T.K. Mohandas, L.J. Shapiro, H.C. Slavkin, and M.L. Snead, Human and mouse amelogenin gene loci are on the sex
Chromosomes, Genomics, 4, 1989, 162–168.

[7]. E.C. Salido, P.H. Yen, K. Koprivnikar, L.C. Yu, and L.J. Shapiro, The human enamel protein gene amelogenin is expressed from both the X and the Y chromosomes, Am J Hum Genet, 50, 1992, 303–316.

[8]. E.A.M. Graham, Sex determination, Forensic Sciennce, Medicine and Pathology, 2 (4), 2006, 283-286.

[9]. A. Cooper, and H.N, Poinar, Ancient DNA: Do it right or not at all, Science, 289, 2000 1139.

[10]. Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, 2010-2011.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Traditional Phytotherapy of Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S. B. Padal, || M. Venkaiah, || P. Chandrasekhar || Y. Vijayakumar
Page No.	::	41-50
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361041-50
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361041050

An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in Vizianagaram District, and Andhra Pradesh, India. The indigenous knowledge of local traditional uses was collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips. The identification and nomenclature of the listed plants were based on The Flora of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 43 plants species were identified by taxonomic description and locally by ethnomedicinal knowledge of people existing in the region. Plant specimens collected, identified, preserved and mounted were deposited in the department of botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam for future references.

 

KEY WORDS: Traditional phytotherapy, indigenous knowledge, Tribal people, Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh.

[1]. Jain, S. K. Wild plants foods of the tribals of Bastar (Madhya Pradesh). Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 1964. 30B: 56-60.
[2]. Jain, S. K., (Ed.). Glimpses of Indian ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1981. New Delhi.
[3]. Jain, S. K., (Ed.) 1981. Glimpses of Indian ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
[4]. Chadwick, D. J. and J. Marsh (ed.). Ethnobotany and the search for new Drugs. 1994. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K
[5]. Hemadri, K., and S. S. Rao. Jaundice. Tribal medicine. Ancient Sci. Life, 1984. 3: 209-212.
[6]. Martin, G. Ethnobotany - A method manual. Chapman & Hall, 1995. London.
[7]. Gamlbe, J. S. and C. E. C. Fischer. Flora of Presidency of Madras, (3 vols.) (repr. Ed. 1957) Botanical Survey of India, 1915-1935. Howrah.
[8]. Pullaiah, T., and E. Chennaiah. Flora of Andhra Pradesh (India). Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India. Scientific Publishers, 1997. Jodhpur, India.
[9]. Aminuddin and R D. Girach. Ethnobotanical studies on bondo tribe of district Koraput (Orissa). India. Ethnobotany, 1991. 3: 15-19.
[10]. Balaji Rao, N. S., D. Rajasekhar, D. Chengal R'ajuand N. Nagaraju. Folk medicine of Rayalaseema Region, Andhra Pradesh: 1 Dental protector. Ancient Sci. Life, 1995. 15: 15 - 20.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Phylogenetic tree construction based on amino acid composition and nucleotide content of complete vertebrate mitochondrial genomes
Country	::	Japan
Authors	::	Kenji Sorimachi || Teiji Okayasu
Page No.	::	51-60
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361051-60
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361051060

To evaluate the appropriateness of phylogenetic trees in biological evolution, we expanded a pre-existing baseline data set of randomly selected organisms by incorporating a collection of intentionally chosen organisms. Using two different clustering algorithms—Ward's method and neighbor-joining—we constructed phylogenetic trees based on nucleotide sequences as well as amino acid composition and nucleotide content of complete mitochondrial genomes and 16S rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 genes. We compared classifications derived from cluster analyses with data based on mathematical calculations of complete mitochondrial genomes. Analyses of predicted amino acid composition from complete mitochondrial genomes and of 16S rRNA sequences clearly differentiated terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates. Although no truly representative phylogenetic tree exists, phylogenetic trees provide scientifically appropriate information about biological evolution.

 

KEYWORDS : Amino acid composition, complete mitochondrial genome, evolution, nucleotide content, phylogenetic tree

[1]. A. Cobbett, M. Wilkinson, and M. Wills, Fossils impact as hard as living taxa in parsimony analyses of morphology. Systems Biol. 17, 2007, 753-766.
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eukaryotic small subunit rRNA genes. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 83, 1986, 1383–1387.
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[6]. N. Maizels, and A.M. Weiner, Phylogeny from function: evidence from the molecular fossil record that tRNA originated in replication, not translation. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 91, 1994, 6729–6734.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	To Study the solid waste generated per bed per day at district hospital kargil a remote high altitude area
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Hasina Quari || Shah Naveed || Maha Para || AsmaAltaf || Riyaz A Rangrez|| Rihana
Page No.	::	61-65
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361061-65
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361061065

Objective:
1) To study the solid waste generated per bed per day at District hospital Kargil.
2) To study the existing system of solid waste segregation, collection, transport, storage and disposal at District hospital Kargil.
Material and Methods: The prospective study was done over a period of three months, w.e.f. 1st August to 30th October, 2012. During the study of 3 months, 20 days were selected randomly.In order to elicit the data for the first objective that is 'To Study the solid waste generated per bed per day at district hospital kargil', the following materials and methods were.
1) Observational Study
2) Interviews
The data about second objective i.e. To study the existing system of solid waste segregation, collection, transport, storage and disposal at district hospital kargil, the following materials and methods were used.
1) Interview
2) Personnel Observation
Results:
1) The quantum of waste generated in district hospital kargil is 2.0 kg per bed per day.
2) The total quantity of solid waste from the inpatients area (wards), Accident and emergency, operation theatres, outpatients department (OPD) and support services is found to be 5600kg for 20 days.
3) 71% of solid waste was generated from in patient area.

 

KEYWORDS: biomedical waste, segregation, collection, transportation, storage , disposal

[1]. Manual on hospital waste management, Yashpal Sharma 2001 edition, topic 4 page 1-5, book published by hospital administration GMC JAMMU.
[2]. Romea, S., Alkiza, M.E., Ramon, J.M., Oromi, J., 1995. Risk of occupational transmission of HIV infection among healthcare workers, study in a Spanish hospital. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11, 225–229.
[3]. Indian Standards "Solid Wastes-Hospitals-Guidelines for Management: IS
[4]. 12625:1989. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[5]. Basu R.N. Issues involved in Hospital Waste Management : an experience from a large teaching Institution, Journal of Academy of hospital Administration. July 1995, Jan. 1996 7(2), *(1) ; 79- 83.
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[7]. Hospital Waste Management–A holistic approach. Anand R.C., S. Satpathy 1998 edition, Book published by Department of Hospital administration, AIIMS, New Delhi.
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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Technical Sheet of Some Wild Yam (Dioscorea) Species Starch Functional Properties
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Sahoré Drogba Alexis || Amani N'guessan Georges
Page No.	::	66-72
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0361066-72
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0361066072

The starches extracted from the tuber of some wild yam species (D, praehensilis, D hirtiflora. D.bulbifera (bulbil and tuber) D. multifera, D burkilliana, D. dumetorum and D. togoensis) picked in the Ivory Coast forest zone, have been studied according to their functional properties which included: iodine absorption spectrum, viscosity, swelling and solubility, syneresis and clarity. These studies showed a wide variety of starches from one species to another at the morphological level.

 

KEYWORDS: wild yam species, starches, functional properties, morphological, morphological

[1] Emiola L., Delarosa L., 1980. Characteristics of Dioscorea Rotundata of polyphenolisidase Journal of Applied Biochemistry 2;
100 – 110
[2] Gramshaw J. W., Osinowo F. A. O., 1982.Volatile Components of cooked tubers of the water yam (Dioscorea alata). J. Sci. Fd.
Agric. 33; 71 – 80
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[4] Bradbury J.H., 1988. The Chemical Composition of Tropical Root Crops SEAN Food Journal Vol. 4, N°1, 13 p
[5] Kamenan A., Benchat L. R., Schinnan M. S., Heaton E. K., 1987 Composition and physicochemical properties of Yam
(Dioscorea species) Flour prepared using different Processes Journal of Food processing and preservation, 11: 299 – 308.
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and the evolution during storage Journal of Food, Science and Agriculture. 42; 273 – 285.
[7] Trèche S. 1989. Potentialités nutritionnelles des ignames (Dioscorea spp) cultivées au Cameroun Eds ORSTOM. Collection
études et thèses, Paris, 214p
[8] Faboya O. O. P., Asagbra A. A., 1990. The physical Chemical properties of starches from some Nigerian cultivars of white yam
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