Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparative Effects of Roystonea Regia (D-004) and Saw Palmetto Lipid Extracts On Blood Oxidative Variables in Men with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
Country	::	Cuba
Authors	::	Raúl Guzmán|| José Illnait|| Rosa Mas||Yohani Perez|| Lilia Fernández|| Sarahí Mendoza|| Ambar Oyarzábal|| Julio Fernández|| Meilis Mesa|| Lisete Borrero|| Pablo Reyes
Page No.	::	01-08
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-037101-08
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0370108

Background: Lipid extracts of Roystonea regia (D-004) and saw palmetto (SP) fruits have been shown to prevent experimentally-induced prostate hyperplasia in rodents, and to produce antioxidant effects in experimental and clinical studies.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of D-004 and SP extracts on the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) and plasma oxidative variables in men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) METHODS: This randomized, double-blind study was conducted in patients with moderate BPH. Forty-eight eligible subjects (average age: 65 years) were randomised to D-004 (320 mg/day) or SP (320 mg/day) capsules for 8 weeks. Decrease on IPSS was the primary efficacy variable. Oxidative markers were secondary outcomes. Data were analysed as per Intention to treat. RESULTS: D-004 and SP significantly decreased mean IPSS values by 33.9% (p<0.0001) and 24.4% (p<0.001), respectively, as compared to baseline. D-004 (p<0.0001) reduced plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (32.6%), protein-linked carbonyl groups (CG) (25.2%) and increased (p<0.0001) catalase (CAT) activity. SP treatment lowered (p<0.0001) MDA (28.2%), CG (23.4%) and raised (p<0.0001) CAT activity. Effects on oxidative variables were similar in both groups. D-004, not SP, significantly lowered (p<0.05) prostate specific antigen (PSA) values. Both treatments were well tolerated. Only 2 SP-treated patients withdrew from the study. No adverse experiences were reported. CONCLUSIONS. Treatment with D-004 or SP (320 mg/day) for 8 weeks decreased significantly IPSS values in patients with moderate BPH, the effect of D-004 being the better, but further studies should confirm this result. Both treatments favourably and similarly modified plasma MDA (lipid peroxidation marker), GC (protein oxidation marker) and CAT activity.

 

KEY WORDS :antioxidant, benign prostate hyperplasia, D-004, lipid peroxidation, Roystonea regia, saw palmetto

[1] G. Pace, C. Di Massimo, D. De Amicis, C. Corbacelli, L. Di Renzo, C. Vicentini, L. Miano and M.G. Ciancarelli, Oxidative stress in benign prostatic hyperplasia, Urol Int, 85, 2010, 328-333.
[2] G. Gupta-Elera, A.R. Garrett, R.A. Robison and K.L. O'Neill, The role of oxidative stress in prostate cancer, Eur J Cancer Prev, 21, 2012, 155- 162.

[3] A.R. Hamid, R. Umbas and C.A. Mochtar, Recent role of inflammation in prostate diseases: Chemoprevention development opportunity, Acta Med Indones, 43, 2011, 43:59-65.

[4] Y. Bostanci, A. Kazzazi, S. Momtahen, J Laze and B. Djavan, Correlation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and inflammation, Curr Opin Urol, 23, 2013, 5-10.

[5] M. Oka, M. Tachibana, K. Noda, N. Inoue, M. Tanaka and K. Kuwabara, Relevance of anti-reactive oxygen species activity to anti-inflammatory activity of components of Eviprostat, a phytotherapeutic agent for benign prostatic hyperplasia, Phytomedicine, 14, 2007, 465-472.
Comparative Effects Of Roystonea Regia ... 6
[6] S.M. Bach, M.E. Perotti, A.P. Merep, G.E. Marcial, A. Grau , R. Attarian, Y. Av-Gay, H. Bach and C.A. Catalán, Chemical constituents, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of bark extracts from Prunus tucumanensis Lillo. Nat Prod Res, 2012, March 9, [Epub ahead of print].

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effects of D-002 on Formaldehyde-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats
Country	::	Cuba
Authors	::	Sarahi Mendoza|| Miriam Noa||,Maikel Valle|| Nilda Mendoza||Rosa Mas
Page No.	::	09-12
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-037109-12
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/03709012

BACKGROUND: The treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA) is addressed to pain alleviation and functional status improvement. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs), widely prescribed for OA, have been show to produce gastrointestinal (non selective) and cardiovascular (ciclooxygenase– 2 inhibitors) adverse effects. Then, the search for new substances is justified. D-002 is a mixture of higher aliphatic beeswax alcohols with anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective, rather than gastrotoxic effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of D-002 on formaldehyde-induced OA in rats. METHODS: OA was induced by formaldehyde injection. Animals were orally dosed with either D-002 (50, 200 and 400 mg/kg) or naproxen (NAP) (3 mg/kg), as reference drug. Controls comprised negative and vehicle-treated rats. Treatments were administered for 10 days. The effects were assessed by measuring the changes on the diameters of rat ankle and paw. RESULTS: The formaldehyde injection significantly increased the diameters of rat paw and ankle as compared to the negative control group, changes that were significantly decreased by naproxen. All doses of D-002 significantly reduced these increases as compared to the positive control, but not dose-dependently. The effects of the lowest and highest doses were practically the same. The effect of the highest dose of D-002 was significantly lower than that of NAP. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of D-002 (50 – 400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the formaldehyde-induced increases of rat paw and ankle enlargement, albeit less effectively than NAP. These results encourage to investigate its effects on other experimental models of OA.

 

KEY WORDS: Osteoarthritis, Beeswax, D-002, NSAIDs, formaldehyde

[1] D.L. Hunter and D.T. Nelson, Osteoarthritis, BMJ, 332, 2006, 639-642.
[2] S.V. Garstang and T.P. Stitik, Osteoarthritis: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 2006, S2–S11.
[3] W. Zhang, R.W. Moskowitz, G. Nuki, S. Abramson, R.D. Altman, N. Arden, et al, OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Part II: OARSI evidence-based expert consensus guidelines, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 16, 2008, 137-162.
[4] C. Lozada and E. Steigelfest, Osteoarthritis. Medicine Rheumatology, 15, 2010, 12-23.
[5] J. Martel-Pelletier, Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 12 (Suppl A), 2004, S31–S33.
[6] M.B. Goldring and S.R. Goldring, Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol, 213, 2007, 626–634.
[7] J. Johanne and J.P. Pelletier, Is osteoarthritis a disease involving only cartilage or other articular tissues?, Eklem Hastalık Cerrahisi, 21, 2010, 2-14.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Epidemiologic profile of the suicidal intoxication in the Tadla-Azilal region, Morocco
Country	::	Morocco.
Authors	::	El Khaddam,1a. Soulaymani,. Ouammi, m.Windy,f. Hadrya, Khadmaoui, Mokhtari, Soulaymani-Beincheikh
Page No.	::	13-19
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371013-19
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/037013019

The region of Tadla-Azilal is one of the Moroccan regions that are mostly affected by the voluntary intoxications with a suicidal aim, while the exact dimensions of this phenomenon are still poorly identified. This study seeks to describe the characteristics related to this kind of intoxication, in order to understand the posed problem and to reduce the morbi-mortality which results from it. A retrospective study was carried out on the reported suicidal cases of intoxications in the period between 2000 and 2008, at the Poison and Pharmacology Center of Morocco (CAPM). During the study period, the Tadla-Azilal region had registered 1 033 cases of suicidal intoxications, of which 38 cases died, namely a fatality of 3.7%. The average age of the patients was 28,94±15,92 years. The sex-ratio (woman/man) was 1.69. The relation study showed a strong link between the favorable evolution and the female adolescents on the one hand, and between the unfavorable evolution and the male adults on the other hand. According to the results of the relative risk evaluation , the voluntarily intoxicated patients ,by taking the pesticides , had presented four times the risk to progress towards death compared to other incriminated products (RR=4,26; CI95%: 1,85-9,81).

 

KEY WORDS: intoxication, suicide, Rrsk factors, Tadla-Azilal, Morocco.

[1] Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), La prévention de suicide, indications pour professions de santé primaire, Genève, 2002.
[2] A. Batt, A. Campeon, D. Leguay et P. Lecorps, Épidémiologie du phénomène suicidaire : complexité, pluralité des approches et prévention, 5-14.
[3] L. Ouammi, N. Rhalam, R. Aghandous, I. Semlalli, M. Badri, G. Jalal, S. Benlarabi, A. Mokhtari, A. Soulaymani, R. Soulaymani-Beincheikh , Profil épidémiologique des intoxications au Maroc de 1980 à 2007, Toxicologie Maroc, 2009, 1, 8-13.
[4] Haut-Commissariat au Plan, Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004, Caractéristiques démographiques et socio-économiques région de Tadla-Azilal, 2006, 12. [5] H.E. Persson, G.K. Sjoberg, J.A. Haines et J. Pronczuk De Garbino, Indice de gravité de l'intoxication, Année d'intoxication aiguë, Clin Toxicol, 1998 36, 205-213 .
[6] C. Delamare, Y. Martin et C.Blanchon, Tentatives de suicide chez l'enfant de moins de 13 ans, Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 2007, 55, 41-51.
[7] F. Staikowsky, F. Theil et S. Candella, Evolution des médicaments utilisés dans les intoxications médicamenteuses volontaires examinées aux urgences, Presse Med, 2005, 34, 846.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Relevance Of Goodsall's Rule In Fistula-In-Ano
Country	::	Malaysia
Authors	::	Dr. Krishna Kumar Mallick || Dr.Nilamri Bin Mohamed Kamil
Page No.	::	20-22
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371020-22
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0371020022

In the year 1900 David Henry Goodsall described a rule regarding relationship of 'external opening to the tract' in cases of Fistula-in-ano. According to Goodsall's rule 'if the external opening is anterior to the transverse anal line and within 3 cm. from the anal verge, the internal opening will be in straight radial line. But, if the external opening is behind the transverse line or more than 3 cm. from the anal verge, the internal opening will be at the posterior midline of the anal canal.'In such cases the tract will be a tortuous one. We tried to justify his postulation by analyzing about 70 patients of fistula-in-ano. ABBREVIATION IS—Internal sphincter SM—Sub-mucosal external sphincterSF—Superficial external sphincter DE—Deep external sphincterPR—Pubo-rectalis muscle LA—Levatorani muscleFistula—Fistula-in-ano Tract—Hollow trct of fistula

 

KEY WORD: Fistula, Tract, Internal and external openings

[1] Sainio P. Fistula-in-ano in a defined population—Incidence and epidemiological aspect. 1984:73(4):219-24.
[2] Dennis F Zagrodnik II MD, FACS Consulting Staff, Premier Surgical of Wisconsin.
[3] Steve Halligan MD, FRCP, FRCR and Jaap Stoker MD, Ph.D. 10.1148/radiol.2391041043 April 2006.
[4] Belliveau P. Anal Fistula : Current Therapy in Colon and Rectal Surgery, Philadelphia.
[5] Cosman BC All's Well That Ends Well: Shakespeare's treatment of anal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum July, 1998: 914-24.
[6] Rosen L. Anorectal abscess-fistulae. SurgClin North Am. Dec. 1994: 74(6):1293-308.
[7] Ross ST. Fistula-in-ano. SurgClin North Am. Dec. 1988:68(6):1417-26.
[8] Cirocco WC. Reilly JC Challenging the predictive accuracy of Goodsall's rule for anal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992 June: 35(6):537-42.
[9] Barwood et al. Fistula-in-ano: A prospective Study of 107 patients. Aus NVJ Surg. 1997 Feb-March : 67(2-3):98-102.
[10] Gunawardhana PA, Deen KI University Dept. of Surgery, North Colombo General Hospital, Sri Lanka, ANZ J Surg. 2001 Aug. 71(8):472-4.
[11] Hirranyakas N, Maipang T, Greater A. (2005) Assessment of anal fistulas using endo-anal ultrasound .Songkla Med J 2005:23(5):357-361.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies And Their Protective Efficacy In Cyclosporine A Treated-BALB/C Mice
Country	::	Lebanon
Authors	::	Kohar Annie B. Kissoyan|| Nayla S. Al-Akl|| Fawwak Sleiman|| Alexander M. Abdelnoor
Page No.	::	23-29
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371023-29
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0371023029

ABSTRACT : Previously, the protective efficacy of anti- Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies; prepared in egg laying hens, was reported in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Since A. fumigatus infections are of main concern in immunocompromised patients, the aim of this study was to test the efficacy of the same product in Cyclosporine A treated- BALB/c mice. Heat- killed A. fumigatus was emulsified with both Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant and injected into egg-laying hens with a 12 days interval between the former and the latter emulsions. IgY was extracted from pooled egg yolks laid prior to, post- primary and post- secondary immunizations, and were dialyzed and lyophilized. Elevated levels of protein and IgY in the post-immunized preparations was confirmed by the Bradford assay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).Earlier specific IgY was detected by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The different extracts obtained were administered to mice treated with Cyclosporine A and challenged with an LD50 of A. fumigatus and survival rates were determined.Results indicated that IgY concentrations were highest in post-secondary immunized extracts and was most effective in protecting Cyclosporine A treated- mice against challenge with A. fumigatus.It appears that IgY antibodies provided some therapeutic and prophylactic effects in Cyclosporine A treated-mice. Probably better protective and therapeutic results would be obtained by manipulating the dose of post-IgY.

 

KEYWORDS : Fungus, Immunocompromised, vaccination

[1] A. Carvalho, C. Cunha, R. G. Iannitti, A. De Luca, G. Giovannini, F. Bistoni and L. Romani, Inflammation in aspergillosis: The good, the bad, and the therapeutic, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1273, 2012, 52-59.

[2] T. R. T. Dagenais and N. P. Keller, Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in invasive aspergillosis, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 22(3), 2009, 447-465.

[3] M. K. Mansour, J. M. Tam and J. M. Vyas, The cell biology of the innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1273(1), 2012,78-84.

[4] J. -. Latgé, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 12(2), 1999, 310-350. [5] V. P. Kurup and A. Kumar, Immunodiagnosis of aspergillosis, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 4(4), 1991, 439-456.

[6] J. E. Cutler, G. S. Deepe Jr. and B. S. Klein, Advances in combating fungal diseases: Vaccines on the threshold, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 5(1), 2007, 13-28.

[7] R. Sherif and B.H. Segal, Pulmonary aspergillosis: Clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, management and complications, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med, 16(3), 2010, 242-250.

[8] S. Bellocchio, S. Bozza, C. Montagnoli, K. Perruccio, R. Gaziano, L. Pitzurra and L. Romani, Immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus: The basis for immunotherapy and vaccination, Medical Mycology, 43(Suppl 1), 2005, S181-S188.

[9] E. Spillner, I. Braren, K. Greunke, H. Seismann, S. Blank and D. du Plessis, Avian IgY antibodies and their recombinant equivalents in research, diagnostics and therapy, Biologicals, 40(5), 2012, 313-322.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Antibiogram and Plasmid Profile of Escherichia Coli Isolates in Well Water In Akure, South Western Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Bello*, B.K|| Adebolu, T.T|| Oyetayo, V.O
Page No.	::	30-37
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371030-37
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0371030037

Well water samples sourced from Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria were analyzed using standard and analytical methods to determine the level of divergence of Escherichia coli, in the well water, its antibiogram and the plasmid profile. A total of 400 well water samples were analyzed during the raining and dry season. The mean value of E .coli count obtained ranged from 1.0x103cfu/ml to 3.2x103cfu/ml. Highest E. coli count was obtained from the sample sourced from Isolo while lowest from FUTA environment. In all, E. coli were isolated from (76) well water sample representing 19% of the 400 sample sourced during the dry season and 108 representing 27% 400 well water sample collected during the raining season. Overall, of 184 E. coli isolates from different well water sourced from different location in Akure were tested against the selected antimicrobial agent. Fifty (50) representing 27.17% of the 184 E. coli isolates showed multiple resistances to (10) antimicrobial agents tested. However, of the ten antimicrobial agents tested, resistance was highest to AM (37) 20.1% follow by SXT (32) 17.4% and CH (31)16.85%. E. coli isolates obtained from Isolo community revealed the highest prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agent (SXT, CH, S, SP, CPS, AM, AU, and CN). The antimicrobial agents tested were; Sulphamethoxazole (SXT) 30μg, Chloramphenicol (CH) 30μg, Sparfloxacin (SP) 10μg, Ciprofloxacin(CPX)10μg, Amoxcillin (AM)30μg, Augmentin (AU)30μg, Gentamicin (CN)10μg, Pefloxacin(PEF)30μg, Trivid(OFX)10μg, Streptomycin(S)30μg. Plasmid profile analysis of 50 E.coli isolates that showed multiple resistances by agarose gel electrophoresis showed a total of 48 different plasmid bands occurring in various combinations. The microbiological analysis of the well water sample used in this research did not meet the recommended limits and could pose a serious health risk to consumers.

 

KEY WORDS: Antibiogram, Antibiotic, E. coli, Plasmid, Well water,

[1] Wilkes G, Edge T, Gannon V, Jokinen C, Lyautey E, Medeiros D, Neumann N, Ruecker N, Topp E, Lapen DR (2009) Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. Water Res 43:2209–2223
[2] Onyenekenwa, C. E (2011). Effects of Water and Sanitation Crisis on Infants and Under-five Children in Africa. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4(2):103-111

[3] Venter SN (2001) Microbial water quality in the 21st century. SA Water Bull 27:16–17

[4] Nevondo TS, Cloete TE (1999) Bacterial and chemical qualities of water supply in Dertig Village Settement. Water SA 25:215–220

[5] Lehloesa LJ, Muyima NYO (2000) Evaluation of impact of household treatment procedures on the quality of groundwater supplies in the rural community of the Victoria District, Eastern Cape. Water SA 26:285–290

[6] Kroening SE (1999) Faecal Coliform and Escherichia coli Bacteria in the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Summer. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 00-4214 U.S. Geological Survey, p 1–8

Bacground:An ethnobotanical study carried out in two localities of Cascades Region (Bérégadougou and Fabédougou) and aimed to collect data on medicinal plants (MP) from the traditional medical practitioners and to identify the medicinal plants used for treating ailments. Methods :Questionnaires were given to the informants represented by a group of traditional medical faith healers within the framework of open-ended conversations. Field trips have been also necessary to perform the data collection. Results:The survey recorded 95 plant species belonging to 60 plant families, 80 genera used in the treatment of diseases in the 2 villages. The most dominant families were represented by Caesalpiniaceae (9,47 %), followed by Rubiaceae (6,31 %), Combretaceae (5,26 %), Apocynaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae (3,15 % for the three families). The leaves represented 55 % as predominant part of medicinal recipes, followed by the roots (35 %) and the others (flowers, stem or barks) less than 10 %. Concerning the traditional method of drug preparation, the decoction was the most commonly utilized. Moreover, the plants inventoried in the study area showed two interesting profiles: solely medicinal profile (leaves), dietary profile as edible food plants (fruits); some of them presented the two combined properties. Conclusion:The field trips carried out in the two villages and around revealed a great richness of the study area in term of medicinal plants species. And in addition to their knowledge in medicinal plants domain, the faith healers met in Bérégadougou and Fabédougou possess also solid knowledge in the healthcare of plenty pathologies existing in the two visited villages.

 

KEYWORDS:ethnomedicinal, Bérégadougou and Fabédougou, medicinal plants, traditional medical practitioner.

[1]. David J. imbo (2010)- An ethnobotanical urvey of medicinal plants in Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 6:8;1-8.

[2]. Muthu C., Ayyanar M., Raja N., Ignacimuthu S. (2006)- Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram of Tamil Nadu, India. J. Ethnobio. Ethnomed., 2:43.

[3]. Hostettmann K., Marston A., Ndjoko K., Wolfender J-L. (2000)- The potential of African Medicinal Plants as a source of Dugs. Current Organic Chemistry, 4:, 973-1010.

[4]. Sofowara A. (1993)- Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum books limited Ibadan.

[5]. T.S. Sourabié, N. Somé, O. Bognonou, Y. Ouattara, J.B. Ouédraogo (2012)- Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacognostical survey on medicinal plants of Malon village and surrounding in the Cascades Region (Burkina Faso). International Organization of Scientific Rsearch. Under press (accepted on Jan 2013; ID-26026).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Distribution And Daily Activity Of Collared Dove (Streptopelia Decaocto) In And Around Sikar (Rajasthan), India
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. Maha Singh|| P.R.Ojha
Page No.	::	46-57
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371046-57
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0371046057

Collared Dove is native species of Asia and Europe. It is found in throughout the drier portions of the Indian Union. Collared Dove native to India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. It is not migratory bird but it is strongly dispersive bird. Collared Dove lives in urban and rural areas, farmlands, parks, gardens, open fields and grain stores. Collared Dove preferred as roosting plant species like as Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) and Babool (Acacia nilotica) and also retires on them during the midday heat. It is found in abundant in the neighborhood of human habitations, and freely enters gardens and bungalow verandas. Collared Dove mainly feeds on spreading seeds on the ground, but also feed on buds, soft fruits and garbage. It is freely feeds near to human habitation. Collared Dove feeds on the ground in large flocks around farms and grain stores. It is gregarious species and flocks will form where there are food supplies such as grain (its main food) as well as seeds and shoots. Collared Dove drinks by sucking and don't need to put the head back to swallow. The breeding season of Collared Dove is in March to late October but breeding occurs throughout the year when abundant food is available, though only rarely in winter. Collared Dove preferred as nesting plant species like as Khejri (Prosopis cineraria), Kikar (Acacia nilotica) and Neem (Azardirecta indica). The maximum population was recorded during the rainy season i.e. the months of July, August and September. Maximum activities performed by the collared dove in the early morning to late morning (5.00 AM to 11.00 AM) and less activities performed in afternoon to evening (3.30 PM to 7.00 PM).

 

KEYWORDS: - Collared Dove, Daily activity, Roosting, Sikar, Spatial arrangement.

[1] Gadgil, M. and Ali, S. (1975): "Communal roosting habits of Indian birds". JBNHS.72 (3): 716-727.

[2] Sengupta, S. (1973): Significance of communal roosting in the common myna (A. tristis Linn.) JBNHS Vol. 70. 204-206.

[3] Davis, T. A. (1974): Selection of nesting trees and the frequency of nest visits by baya weaverbird; JBNHS 71. 356-366.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Pattern of aural morbidity among children in a rural tertiary care hospital
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Bijan Basak|| Gautam Dhar|| Ganesh Chandra Gayen|| Ritam Ray
Page No.	::	58-62
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371058-62
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0371058062

Objective: To study the pattern of aural morbidity among the paediatric population attending the ENT OPD of our hospital. Methods: DESIGN: Observational study with a cross-sectional design SETTING: Tertiary government rural teaching hospital PARTICIPANTS: All patients upto 15 years of age attending the ENT OPD during the study period RESULTS: In our study, out of 3095 patients, 2062 were under the age of 15 years. Maximum patients (36.47%) were within 0-5 years of age. Out of them, 1036 patients (50.24%) were male and rest 1026 patients (49.76%) were female with a male female ratio of 1.01:1. Majority of patients were Hindu (53.98%), rest 44.72% patients were Muslim and 1.3% were Christian. Chronic suppurative otitis media (37.54%) was the most common ear pathology detected. 84.37% patients had tubo-tympanic type and rest (15.63%) were having attico-antral type of disease. Other diseases were impacted wax (19.64%), external otitis (15.13%), ASOM (9.84%), otomycosis (8.1%), F.B. inside the ear (5.24%), OME (3.93%), preauricular sinus (0.53%) and anotia with congenital aural atresia (0.05%). CONCLUSION: Ear diseases are one of the major health problems among children. Chronic suppurative otitis media followed by wax impaction and acute otitis media is the most common ear diseases in children attending the ENT OPD. Increasing awareness about ear diseases should be one of the goals of all health care providers. Improvement of health care facilities and awareness amongst health care providers would definitely be helpful in reducing the prevalence of ear diseases in developing countries like us

 

KEYWORDS : Aural morbidity; Children; CSOM; Wax; ASOM; External otitis; OME; Otomycosis

[1] Biswas AC, Joarder AH, Siddiquee BH. Prevalence of CSOM among rural school going children. Mymensingh Med J 2005;14:152–55.
[2] Olusanya BO, Okolo AA, Aderemi AA. Predictors of hearing loss in school entrants in a developing country. J Postgrad Med. 2004; 50(3):173-178.
[3] Olusanya BO, Okolo AA, Ijaduola GT. The hearing profile of Nigerian school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2000; 55(3):173-179.
[4] Akinpelu OV, Amusa YB. Otological diseases in Nigerian children. The Internet J Otorhinolaryngol.2007,7:1.
[5] Rai S, Puliyel JM. Screening for auditory impairment in resource-poor countries. J Postgrad Med. 2004; 50(3):178-179.
[6] Fasunla AJ, Adeosun AA, Afolabi AO, Nwaorgu OG. Usefulness of 61ehavioural test of hearing as a rapid public health screening tool for infants. J Pediatr Neurol. 2011; 9(1):29-33

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Formulation and Stabilization of Duloxetine Hydrochloride Delayed Release Pellets with the Aid Non Ionic Barrier Layer
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Raja Subburayalu||Dr.Janakiraman Kunchithapatham|| Dr.Ramkumar Pillappan
Page No.	::	63-70
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0371063-70
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0371063070

The main objective of the present study is to formulate a stable Duloxetine HCl delayed release pellets with the aid of non ionic protective layer between drug layer and enteric layer. Duloxetine HCl is highly unstable at acidic environment. The preformulation study reveals, Duloxetine HCl is incompatible with enteric polymers, due to the presence of free acid in the enteric polymer. Duloxetine HCl is also unstable at alkaline pH. Hence, a nonionic polymer is selected in barrier coating. Duloxetine hydrochloride enteric coated pellets were formulated using fluidized bed process with different levels of barrier coating. Three separate layers, the drug layer, the barrier layer and the enteric layer, were coated on to the inert core pellets, sugar spheres. The enteric coated pellets were top coated using film coating material and encapsulated in hard gelatin capsule shell. The probability of interaction of enteric polymer with duloxetine is very high during shelf life. The filled capsules were evaluated for description, Assay, Acid resistance and Drug release in pH 6.8 Phosphate buffer at initial and 6 months accelerated condition (40 ± 2°C/75± 5%RH), to conclude the % build up of barrier coating required to avoid the interaction between duloxetine hydrochloride and enteric polymer. The formulation with 10% & 15% barrier coating are failed to control the interaction between duloxetine hydrochloride and enteric polymer. The formulation with 20% barrier coating was found to be stable, and the interaction between duloxetine hydrochloride and enteric polymer was controlled.

 

KEYWORDS: Dissolution, Duloxetine Hydrochloride, Enteric coated pellets, Acid resistance.

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