The current study aimed to test the effect of five vegetable oils, sesame, pistachio field, soybean, sunflower and almond with inhibitors' insecticide (Lufenuron), using four different mixing ratios (pesticide:vegetable oil) 1: 0.5, 1:1, 1: 2, and 1: 3 and four different concentrations 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for each mixing ratio, and mixture ratio in the proportion of activation, synergy and potentiation on the % mortality of grain beetle larvae Trogoderma granarium. The study results showed that the effect of mixture Sunflower oil by mixing 2 oil : 1 pesticide highest toxicity to the revitalization of the pesticide in the grain beetle larvae of the third instar of poetry at a rate of 2.33, which was the rate of activation synergistically and potentially 1, 1.33 respectively, The sunflower oil, sesame oil and peanut oil gave a mixture with the pesticide Lufenuron by mixing oil 1: 1 ratio less toxicity pesticide antagonism reached 0.48 , 0.56, 0.63 respectively.

KEYWORDS: Mixing ratio, Vegetable oil, Activation, Synergy, Potentiation, Grain beetle, Lufenuron, inhibitors' insecticide.

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[7]. Karso, B. A. and N. M. Al- Mallah (2013). The effected of mixting ratios some vegetable oils in synergism and potation the Al- Cypermathrin insecticide in grain beetles . Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture. 41(3)274-285.
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[10]. Mohamed, H. A. K. (2009). Effect of sesame oil, sweet almond oil, and glove oil on the efficiency of some Pesticide to cow pea weevil Callosobruchus maculates (fab,) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Tikrit for Agricultural Sciences Vol (9) 1: 268-278.

The root and latex of Calotropis gigantea were screened for its antimicrobial and phytochemical activities. The solvents used for the roots and latex extraction were n-hexane, benzene, acetone, ethanol, aqueous. The extract was tested against infectious disease causing bacterial such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus using the well diffusion method. The aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extract of root of calotropis gigantea inhibition against all the test microbe ranging from 10 mm to 16 mm diameter inhibitory zone. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of latex of calotropis gigantea inhibition against all the test microbe ranging from 10 mm to 18 mm diameter inhibitory zone. In present study, bacterial extract showed a varying zone of inhibition of the growth of tested organism than n-hexane, benzene, ethanol, and aqueous. Phytochemical properties of root and latex of Calotropis gigantea obtain from n- hexane, benzene, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were investigated. The results confirmed that presence of antibacterial activity and phytochemical in the shade dried extract of Calotropis gigantea against the human pathogenic organisms.

Key-words: Calotropis gigantea crude extract, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activity

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BACKGROUND: This study aims at simplifying the practical patient management and offers some general indications for pharmacotherapeutic choice by the implementation of (GOLD 2004) guidelines. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical and economic consequences of Salmeterol/Fluticasone(SF), Formoterol/Budesonide(FB) and Formoterol/Fluticasone(FF) in severe and very severe COPD patients.

KEY WORDS: Severe and very severe COPD, inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, cost-effectiveness, symptom free day (SFD)

[1]. Hoogendoorn M, Feenstra TL, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van MP. Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2010; 65(8):711-718.
[2]. Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK. Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo for preventing COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and metaregression of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2010; 137(2):318-325.
[3]. Shapiro SD, Reilly JJ Jr., Rennard SI. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, et al.Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010: chap 39.
[4]. Vestbo, Jørgen (2013). "Definition and Overview". Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
[5]. Barnes, Peter J.; Drazen, Jeffrey M.; Rennard, Stephen I. et al., eds. (2009). "Relationship between cigarette smoking and occupational exposures". Asthma and COPD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management.

This study investigates the effect of pregelatinization on the physicochemical and compressional characteristics of two local varieties of Dioscorea rotundata (gbongi and efuru) in comparison with corn starch, dicalcium phosphate and lactose. The physicochemical properties of the starches were evaluated using established methods while the compressional characteristics were analysed using density measurements, and the Heckel and Kawakita equations. The shapes range from polyhedral/rounded/oval in native and pregelatinized efuru starch to oval/ellipsoidal/rounded in the native and pregelatinized gbongi starch. The pregelatinized efuru starch was more spherical in shape than the native form. The pregelatinized starches have better flow than the native starches. Pregelatinization of gbongi starch resulted in an increase in bulk density while the reverse was the case for efuru starch. The native and pregelatinized efuru starches exhibited a type B behaviour while native gbongi starch and the pregelatinized form exhibited a type C behaviour. Pregelatinization of the native starches resulted in a considerable reduction in Py value; even lower than the values for cornstarch and lactose. In addition, pregelatinization of gbongi starch resulted in an increase in Do value while a reduction was observed for efuru starch. The rank order of Pk value was ENS<GNS<Corn Starch< EPGS<GPGS< Lactose < DCP. The pregelatinized starches are more plastically deforming than lactose. The results suggest that pregelatinization of the starches resulted in new functional and value added properties which could be explored in their use as pharmaceutical excipients in tablet formulation and production

KEYWORDS - Dioscorea rotundata, pregelatinization, gbongi and efuru starches, physicochemical properties, compressional properties

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[5] J.S.M Garr and A.B. Bangudu, Evaluation of sorghum starch as a tablet excipient. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm, 17(1), 1991, 1 – 6.

Paracetamol and Tapentadol are both analgesic drugs. As there is no UV or HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Tapentadol, a need was felt to develop the method for the analysis of both drugs simultaneously. This work concerns with the development and validation of a simple, specific and cost effective RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Tapentadol in bulk and the developed method was applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form ie., Tapcynta. Chromatography was carried on Thermohypersil BDS C18 column with mobile phase comprising of Dihydrogen potassium phosphate buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50 v/v. The flow rate was adjusted to 0.9 ml/min with PDA detection at 218.6 nm. The retention times of Paracetamol and Tapentadol were found to be 4.8 min, 8.0 min respectively and other replicate standard system suitability parameters are within the limit and uniform. The different analytical parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2B guidelines. The detector response was linear in the range of 88044x + 19214 mg/ml, 49855x + 36868 mg/ml for Paracetamol and Tapentadol respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the reliable quantification of active pharmaceuticals present in the commercial formulations

KEYWORDS - Paracetamol, Tapentadol, Simultaneous, Estimation, HPLC

[1]. Iffath Rizwana, Vanitha Prakash.K. , and Krishna Mohan.G , RP-HPLC method for tapentadol in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulation ", J. Gob Trends in Pharma sci 2012; 3(3) ; 755-762.
[2]. Reddy D. Thimma, Development and Validation of a Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Tapentadol and Paracetamol in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form. Asian J of Res Chem 2012; 5(10); 1255-1261.
[3]. Skukla Rajesh , Siva Kumar .R, Vijayanand P.R, Nallasivan.P ,Kumar and Venkatnarayanan.R , RP-HPLC Method for simultaneous estimation of tramadol Hcl and paracetamol in bulk drug and its combined dosage form ,Asian J. of Res in Chem 2010; 3(3) ; 552-554.
[4]. Pattan S.R, Jamdar S.G, Godge.R.K ,Dighe.N.S ,Daithankar.A.V ,Nirmal.S.A and Pai.M.G , method Development and validation for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and etoricoxib bulk And in tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC , J of Chem. and Pharm. Res 2009 ; 1 (1) ; 329-335

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of only the loading dose of modified Pritchard's regime of magnesium sulphate therapy in patients of severe preeclampsia. Method: Patients of severe preeclampsia were randomly allocated to study group (n=50) and control group(n=50) based on computer generated random numbers. Patients in the study group received only the loading dose of magnesium sulphate and patients in the control group received the loading dose of magnesium sulphate followed by the maintainance dose every fourth hourly. Patients in both the groups were monitored closely after the initiation of therapy. Chi-square test and Student's t test was used for data analysis. Results: There was one case of seizure in each group(2%).There were 6 cases of absent knee jerk and 4 cases of oliguria in those receiving the 24 hour magnesium sulphate while none of these complications were seen in those receiving only the loading dose (p = 0.012, p=0.022).Neonatal mortality was more in the control group(p=0.071) Conclusion: The loading dose of the modified Pritchard's regime alone may be effective in preventing seizures in patients of severe preeclampsia with the added advantage of reduced toxicity and better neonatal outcome.

KEYWORDS - evere preeclampsia; Prophylactic magnesium sulphate; Loading dose of modified Pritchard's regime; Efficacy and toxicity

[1]. Melah GS, Massa AA, El-Nafaty AU. Pregnancy outcomes of women with eclampsia in Gombe, Nigeria. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006;92:251-52.
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[4]. Govt. of India (sample registration system), Maternal mortality in India: 1997-2003, Trends, causes and risk factors, Registrar General, India, New Delhi in collaboration with Centre for Global Heart Research University of Toronto, Canada.
[5]. The Eclampsia Trial Collaboraive Group.Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet 1995;345:1455-63.

Segmental tibial fractures are considered to be a special type of injury associated with high complication rates and are defined by the presence of two or more distinct fracture lines with completely isolating an intermediary segment і.е interruption of bone integrity at two levels(majority) or moreand are usually caused by a high-energy direct trauma with important soft tissue damage effect the both intramedullary and periosteal vascularization, which are predisposed to slow healing with creation of unsuitable biological conditions for fracture union. The aim of our study was to evaluate and assess the outcome of our policy on dealing with closed segmental fracture of the tibia treated by (closed or open) application of external tubular device fixator (AO group of ASIF) .Within the period between October 1, 1998 and September 30, 2010 in Al Nasiriya military hospital, AL Amara military hospital and Al Husain teaching hospital, we collect 38 patients with displaced and minimally displaced closed segmental tibial fractures. We exclude the multiply injured patients died after surgical treatment in the course of further management, open fractures, and all the patients lost for follow up.

[1]. We emphasized on that the multilevel fractures are considered to be a special type of injury associated with high complication rates and are usually caused by a high-energy direct trauma.
[2]. We strongly believed that the segmental fractures are a difficult group to manage besides severe open fractures (9).
[3]. These fractures are rarely encountered, and are an infrequent occurring injury in our region as stated by others literatures also(4, 9).Assessment & Evaluation Of The Outcome… 66
[4]. We have also found that callus formation and consolidation was observed earlier in the posterior and lateral parts of the tibia, both in the proximal and the distal fractures. Our view is that supporting the fact (more muscular coverage, better vascular supply).
[5]. Healing at the metaphysis is faster and union complication less than in diaphysis.

This experimental study was designed to determine the galactagogue action of Nigellasativaseeds. LactatingmicewereswitchedontoNigellasativacontainingdietfromthedayoflabourandfor15days. Nigellasativasignificantly (P<0.0l) increased serum prolact in level and the weight of the Litter compared with controlgroup. Breasttissues of lactatingmicekepton Nigellasativacontain ingdietshowedlargeracini,thickerepitheliaandhyperactivity.Nohaematological, histologicalandbiochemicalsideeffectswerecausedbyNigellasativa.

KEYWORDS - Nigella sativa, galactagogue, milk letdown

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