Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evaluation of Goat Fat as Potential Co-Lubricant in Pharmaceutical Tablet Dosage Form
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Dr. S. O. Majekodunmi|| E.B. Matthew
Page No.	::	01-09
Paper Index	::	DOI :10.9790/3013-04070109
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/04701009

In this study, goat fat co-processed with a combination of magnesium stearate and talc (GMT) was evaluated as a lubricant and compared with magnesium stearate plus talc (MT) and without lubricant using flow of granules, mechanical properties of tablets of crushing strength, the disintegrant properties of tablet disintegration time (DT) and crushing strength friability/disintegration time ratio (CSFR/DT) as assessment parameters. Granules were lubricated with different concentrations of 0.5% w/w, 1.5% w/w, 2.0% w/w and 2.5% w/w of the co-processed lubricant of goat fat, magnesium stearate and talc (GMT) and combination of magnesium stearate and talc (MT) and without lubricant in a paracetamol tablet formulation. The flow of the granules quantified as Hausner ratio, Carr's index, and angle of repose showed that granules lubricated with the co-processed lubricant of goat fat (GMT) improved the flow properties of paracetamol granules compared to granules lubricated with magnesium stearate and talc alone. The tablet properties of paracetamol prepared from granules lubricated with GMT were comparable with tablets prepared from granules lubricated with MT and without lubricant. The tablets produced by GMT possessed acceptable crushing strength, friability and disintegration time and thus CSFR/DT. The study shows that the lubricant type and concentration influenced the crushing strength and disintegration time of the tablets and the co-processed lubricant could also be useful in situations where a low crushing strength friability/ disintegration (CSFR/DT) value is required, such as sustained release tablet.

 

KEYWORDS:Goat fat, Magnesium stearate, Talc, Crushing strength, Disintegration time, Tablet

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:Phenolic compounds are hazardous pollutants that are toxic to the natural ecosystem at very low concentration Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down into smaller compounds by the catalytic activity of living microbial organisms. The use of microbes as catalysts in the biodegradation of phenolic compounds has advanced significant in the recent decades. Biodegradation of phenol involves the complete mineralization of phenolic compounds to simple compounds like CO2,H2O,NO3 .we studied the biodegradation performance of phenol by using free cells of Aspergillus niger under different temperature, pH, concentration,and at different incubation periods under the aerobic conditions .

 

Key-words: Aspergillus niger, Biodegradation, mineralization, phenol, Toxicity

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Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) were first detected in the 1980s,since then VRE infections are reported worldwide. VRE can be isolated from healthy people, hospital environment and from farmed chicken.VRE infections are more severe, increased mortality and economic burden. Healthcare associated infections are mainly due to antibiotic therapy, patient characteristics, colonization pressure and exposure to contaminated environment.VRE are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics, with the ability to acquire resistance to other available antimicrobials and to transfer antibiotic resistance to other gut flora. CDC Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) recommendations are useful to minimize transmission of VRE with multidisciplinary approach, and restricted cephalosporin usage has been associated with decreased VRE transmission in hospitals.

 

KEY WORDS:Vancomycin, Enterococcus facecium.Resistancemechanisms, VRE control

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The aim of the study was to evaluate medicinal potential of five mostly used plants from Western Ghats of India. Methanolic, aqueous and ethylaceate extracts of the plant species were screened for its total phenolic, flavonoid contents, in-vitro antioxidant and, antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacterial and fungal species. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts were determined by disc diffusion method. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The overall antioxidant activity of Narvelia zeylanica and Adathoda zeylancia were found to be the strongest, the IC50 values of the extracts ranged between 3.12 μg/ml to 15.3 μg/ml. The tested plant extracts presented a remarkable capacity total antioxidant capacity equivalent to vitamin C being, The same extracts were shown to have the highest phenolic and flavonoid values. The total phenol and flavonoid levels varied from 9±0.32 to 24±0.03 mg CE/g dw and 5.32 ± 0.65 to 18.2 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. Many of the extracts showed activity against pathogenic/toxigenic bacteria and fungal strains. The present study reveals that the selected plants would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity, and could be harnessed as drug formulation.

 

KEY WORDS:Anti-oxidant activity, Anti bacterial activity, Anti fungal activity, DPPH, Phenolics

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Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy complicates about 7-10% pregnancy. Various anti-hypertensives have been tried to control the pressure without much affecting the maternal and fetal health. The present study, compare the effect Nimodipine and Nifedipine in controlling blood pressure during pregnancy.

Aims & Objectives: To control the efficacy of Nimodipine and Nifedipine in control of blood pressure during pregnancy and to assess the effects of drug on maternal and fetal outcome. Methodology: Eligible women are randomly assigned and treated with tablet Nimodipine 30mg 8th hourly (Group A) and Nifedipine 10mg 8th hourly (Group B). Each group has 50 patients and further sub-divided as diastolic BP between 100-109mm of Hg and 110mm Hg and above. Relevant statistical analysis was applied and results were interpreted. RESULTS: Both groups are comparable in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure control. Group A had minimal side effects like headache, flushing and hypotension for about 2%. Perinatal outcomes were comparable between the two groups with 96% carry home baby rate in Group A and 88% in group B, which are also comparable. Conclusion: Nimodipine is comparable with Nifedipine and can be used as an alternative drug in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy as it is safe, effective and with minimal side effects. As it is more expensive than Nifedipine in country like India, Nifedipine continues to be the first line drug.

 

KEY WORDS:Diastolic blood pressure; Nifedipine; Nimodipine;

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ABSTRACT:Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and engineering dedicated to materials, having dimensions in the order of 100th of nm or less. The term being new, but has been widely used for the development of more efficient technology. In recent years, nanotechnology has been embraced by industrial sectors due to its applications in the field of electronic storage systems, biotechnology, magnetic separation and pre concentration of target analytes, targeted drug delivery and vehicles for gene and drug delivery. Consequently, with wide range of applications available, these particles have potential to make a significant impact to the society. In general, nanoparticles used in the field of biotechnology range in particle size between 10 and 500 nm, seldom exceeding 700 nm. The nanosize of these particles allows various communications with biomolecules on the cell surfaces and within the cells in way that can be decoded and designated to various biochemical and physiochemical properties of these cells. Similarly, its potential application in drug delivery system and noninvasive imaging offered various advantages over conventional pharmaceutical agents. More specific targeting systems are designed to recognize the targeted cells such as cancer cells. This can be achieved by conjugating the nanoparticle with an appropriate ligand, which has a specific binding activity with respect to the target cells. In addition, nanoparticles provide a platform to attach multiple copies of therapeutic substance on it and hence increase the concentration of therapeutic and diagnostic substances at the pathological site. Also, the concentration and dynamics of the active molecule can be varied by controlling the particle size of nanoparticles (>3–5 nm).

 

KEY WORDS:nanotechnology, methods of synthesis, characterization, applications, future aspects

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Objective: This study was designed to compare knowledge & ability to use different inhaling devices among both educated & non-educated pharmacists.
Method: A questionnaire was constructed & piloted to be used as a tool for this study. The sample was divided into two groups educated pharmacists & non-educated pharmacists. Education was in term of receiving the brochures of demonstrating how to use the different inhaled devices before assessing the pharmacists. The pharmacists were asked to demonstrate usage of placebo devices & assessment was done based on checklist designed following companies instructions.
Results: Statistics have shown significant (P<0.05) higher scores; have been achieved by educated pharmacists when compared with non-educated pharmacists in term of ability to use the inhalers correctly, pharmacists' knowledge of cleaning MDI, inhalers induced mouth irritation side effect and their place of storage.
Conclusion: Pharmacists in UAE are not sufficiently aware of the steps to demonstrate correct use of different inhalers. The instructions supplied by the pharmaceutical companies are not sufficient. Appropriate and continuous educational programs concerning pharmacists' ability and knowledge of using different inhaled devices is recommended.

 

 

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The leaf and fruits extract of Calotropis gigantea were screened for its anti microbial and phytochemical activities. The solvent used for the leaves and fruits extraction were n-haxane, benzene, acetonic, ethanolic and aqueous. The extract was tested against infectious diseases causing bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, E. Coli and P. Aeruginosa using the well diffusion method. The aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extract of leaf of calotropis gigantea inhibition against all the test microbe ranging from 8 mm to 14 mm diameter inhibitory zone. The aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extract of fruits of calotropis gigantea inhibition against all the test microbe ranging from 7 mm to 16 mm diameter inhibitory zone. In present study, bacterial extract showed a varying zone of inhibition of growth of tested organism than n-hexane, benzene, ethanol, and aqueous. Phytochmical properties of leaf and fruits of calotropis gigantea obtain from n-hexane, benzene, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract were investigated. The results confirmed that presence of antibacterial activity and phytochemical in shade dried extract of calotropis gigantea against the human pathogenic bacteria

 

KEYWORD: Antimicrobial and Phytochemical activity, Calotropis gigantea,S. aureus, P.areogenosa, E. Coli.

 

 

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Cadmium is one of the most important toxic heavy metals, reported to have damage the testis of many mammals and Dissotis rotundifolia (Melastomaceae) Triana is known to have many uses in ethno-medicine. This present study was carried out to investigate the effect of Dissotis rotundifolia on the histology, sperm parameters, tissue antioxidant parameters on cadmium damaged testis and also to investigate its possible pro-fertility effect. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar albino rats divided into seven (7) groups were used in this research study. Group A received distilled water only, Group B received 2mg/kg b/w of cadmium only. Group C received 2mg/kg bw of cadmium and 50mg/kg bw of extract, Group D received 2mg/kg bw of cadimium and 300mg/kg bw of extract, Group E received 50mg/kg bw of exract only, Group F received 300mg/kg bw of extract only, Group G received 2mg/kg bw of cadmium and 300kg/mg bw of Vitamin E. Administration was done at 0800 hour daily foor 21days. Adminstration of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium induced testicular damage on Wistar rats showed signs of amelorative effect on the histology of testis, sperm parameters while on the normal testis it showed signs of pro-fertility effect, improving the histology of testis, enzyme antioxidant levels and sperm parameters at 50mg/kg per bw.

 

KEYWORDS: Cadmium, Dissotis rotundifolia, testis, pro-fertility

 

 

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[5]. J. Yiin , L. Chern , Y. Sheu and H. Lin. Cadmium induced lipid peroxidation in rat testes and protection by selenium. Biometerials, 1999. 12: 353-359.
[6]. R. Gupta, J. Kim, C. Gomes, S. Oh, J. Park, B. Im, Y. Seong, Ahn, S., B. Kwon, J. Soh, (2004a). Effect of ssascorbic acid supplementation on testicular steroidogenesis and germ cell death in cadmiumtreated male rats. Molecular Cellular Endocrinology, 2004a. 221: 57–66.

Tacrolimus belongs to macrolide lactone groups isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, is used to prevent organ transplantation rejection. The aim of this study was to enhance the production of Tacrolimus by optimizing the nutrient components in fermentation media. Nutrient components play a significant role in the production of secondary metabolites. Many optimization techniques are available for this study and each optimization techniques has its own advantages. Plackett-Burman multifactorial design was employed to evaluate the significant nutrient factor in the medium using high and low levels of the factors where Dextrine white, Cotton seed meal (CSM) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 were found most important components among eight variables. These screened components were further optimized by central composite design with response surface methodology. A central composite design was based on second order polynomial used to determine the optimal levels of screened variables. The optimal level of each variable obtained from polynomial model was 173.94 g/l dextrine white, 19.83 g/l Cotton seed meal (CSM) and 24.72 g/l Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 respectively. Tacrolimus yield i.e., 1.08 mg/g was achieved with the combination of these optimal values. Validation experiments were performed to verify the adequacy and accuracy of the model.

 

KEYWORDS: Plackett-Burman design, Response surface methodology, Streptomyces tsukubaensis, submerged fermentation, Tacrolimus.

 

 

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