AIMS: This study was carried out with an objective to assess different reasons of medication non-compliance in a sample of out-door psychiatric patients and to evaluate the correlation between clinical variables and causes of non-compliance to drugs. This study was conducted at Psychiatry department, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences; from (30th Sept 2012 to 31st Aug 2013) .Data from a non-probability sample of 50 follow-up patients with a definite psychiatric illness was collected. Patients were recruited who were between 18 and 60 years of age and who were treated in the outpatient clinics of the psychiatry department. Information regarding socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, level of education, marital status, and income) were recorded on a proforma designed by the author. A questionnaire designed for this purpose was administered to examine the factors that cause non-compliance. Data was analyzed using SPSS for window 20.0 version. Chi-square analysis done for variable of interest. Non-compliance to drug treatment is most common in between 21-30 years of age groups, more in females 72% than males 28%, those who are married(60%) than single(40% ),and with low education(28%) & low socio-economic status(54%). Notable reasons for non-compliance were feelings of wellness(26%), paranoia to medication(22%),lack of insight to the illness(14%),medication side effects(10%),hopelessness of cure & poor support (8%) respectively.\,financial problems (6%), no improvement(4%), too much of medication(2%). The commonest psychiatric illnesses leading to non-compliance were schizophrenia (26%), BPAD (18%), MDD (14%), psychosis (10%), epilepsy & OCD (8%) each, GAD (6%), somatization disorder & substance induced psychosis (4%) each, panic attack with agoraphobia (1%). Data analyses explored significant associations between age, income and psychiatric illness with causes of non-compliance to drugs (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Non-compliance is quite common in psychiatric patients. Medical practitioners need to be aware of it and address this problem because compliance is directly related to the prognosis of the illness.

KEY WORDS: Socio-demographic characteristics, non-compliance, psychiatric illness, reasons.

[1] Ghaziuddin N, King CA, Hovey JD, Zaccagni J, Ghaziuddin M. Medication Non compliance in adolescents with psychiatric disorders, Child Psychiatry. Hum. Dev 1999; 30,103-110.
[2] Blackwell, B. Treatment adherence. British Journal of Psychiatry 1976; 126,512-31.
[3] Kane, J.M.Compliance issues in outpatient treatment .Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 1985; 5:22-27.
[4] Non-compliance and professional power. John F. Playle RN Bsc (Hons) Msc Dip counseling CPN & Philip Keeley RN MA BA CPN Cort RNT. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1998, 27,304-311.
[5] Adams, S.G. Jr, & Howe, J.T. Predicting medication compliance in a psychotic population. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993; 181:558-560.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus and most commonly affects women in the reproductive age group. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Danazol and Gestrinone, steroidal androgenic drugs in the treatment of women with Pelvic Endometriosis in a District of Central India. METHODS: From a period of January 2008 to March 2014 we got 282 women with laparoscopically confirmed diagnosis of Pelvic Endometriosis who were treated with either Danazol or Gestrinone. Out of which 154 were treated with Danazol and 128 were treated with Gestrinone.. Disease severity was measured by calculating the Total symptom severity score using the Biberoglu and Behrman scale at diagnosis and after 90 and 180 days of treatment. Effectiveness was assessed by mean changes in Total symptom severity score after 90 days and 180 days of treatment from the baseline for Danazol and Gestrinone and compared. RESULTS: All demographic and baseline factors were comparable in Danazol and Gestrinone treated groups. Both Danazol and Gestrinone satisfactorily resolved Dysmenorhhoea, Dyspareunia, Pelvic Discomfort, Pelvic Induration and Pelvic Tenderness from baseline. No significant difference were noted in effectiveness endpoints between Danazol and Gestrinone treated groups regarding Total symptom severity score after 90 days and 180 days.
CONCLUSION: Both Danazol and Gestrinone demonstrated similar clinical effectiveness. But it was observed that Danazol is more commonly prescribed then Gestrinone but has more secondary and GI intolerant side effects. However Prospective interventional study is required to confirm the efficacy of the both drugs.

KEY WORDS: Pelvic Endometriosis, Danazol, Gestrinone, Effectiveness, Total symptom severity score, Biberoglu and Behrman scale.

[1]. Child, TJ, Tan SL. Endometriosis: aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Drugs 61: 1735–1750; 2001.
[2]. Verkauf BS. Incidence, symptoms, and signs of endometriosis in fertile and infertile women. J. Fla. Med. Assoc.1987;74: 671–675
[3]. Mahutte NG, Arici A. New advances in the understanding of endometriosis related Infertility. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2002;55:73-83.
[4]. Winkel, CA. Evaluation and management of women with endometriosis. Obstet.Gynecol. 102: 397– 408; 2003.

[5]. Rotondi M, Labriola D, Rotondi M, Ammaturo FP, Amato G, Carella C, Izzo A, Panariello S. Depot leuprorelin acetate versus danazol in the treatment of infertile women with symptomatic endometriosis. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002;23(6):523-6.

[6]. Thomas EJ, Cooke ID. Impact of Gestrinone on the course of asymptomatic endometriosis. BMJ 1987;294:272-274.
[7]. Barbieri RL. Hormone treatment of endometriosis: the estrogen threshold hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:740–745.

[8]. Grenblatt RB, Dmowski WP, Scholer HF, Mahesh VB. Danazol--a synthetic steroid derivative with interesting physiologic properties. Fertil Steril 1971 Jan;22(1):9-18.

[9]. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Viezzoli T. Gestrinone versus Danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989;51:781-785.

[10]. Hornstein MD, Gleason RE, Barbieri RL. A randomized double blind prospective trial of two doses of Gestrinone in the treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1990;53:237-241.

OBJECTIVE : To assess the diagnostic value of maternal CA 125 in patients with first trimester pregnancy and to evaluate the prognostic significance of CA 125 versus β-hCG in early pregnancies with intact fetal heartbeat, complicated by vaginal bleeding. .

STUDY DESIGN SETTING : The study was conducted at Dept. of O&G and Biochemistry of institute of post graduate medical education & research,Kolkata.Control patients were 30 pregnant women who had normal pregnancy without complications.Fifty patients with vaginal bleeding during gestational weeks 6-12 all of whom having demonstrable foetal heart beat were studied.17 patients finally aborted whereas the reminder 33 had normal pregnancy continued till term. Measurement of serum CA 125 &Beta HCG were carried out at department of Biochemistry ,IPGME&R.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE : 2 sequential measurements of serum CA125 and beta HCG performed within a 5-7 days interval were related to the outcome of pregnancy as indicated by changes of the ultrasound presentation,miscarriage etc.

RESULTS Initial CA 125 levels did not differ significantly between both groups of patients with 33/50 non-aborters and 17/50 aborters showing concentrations below 60IU/ml. After 48-72 hrs, CA 125 in all patients who eventually aborted remained high or increased whereas non-aborters all had constantly low or declining CA 125 measures. β-hCG increased in all non-aborters and also in aborters during the 2-3 day interval.

CONCLUSION: Sequential determinations of maternal CA 125 measurements appear to be a highly sensitive prognostic marker in patients with viable pregnancy at risk for abortion whereas serum beta hcg did not show any significant change during that period.

KEY WORDS: Cancer Antigen -125(CA-125), , Beta subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (ß-HCG), Bleeding P/V, Normal intrauterine pregnancy.

[1] Kabawat SE, bast RC, Bhan AK, Welch WR, Knapp RC and Colvin RB. Tissue distribution of a coelomic epithelium related antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibodies Ca-125. J Gynecol.Path.1983.2:275-285.
[2] Jacobs IJ, fay TN, Stabile I, Bridges JE, Oram JE and Grudzinskas JG. The distribution of CA-125 in the reproductive tract of pregnant and non pregnant women. Br.J.Obst.Gyne.1988.95:1190-1194.
[3] Takeshima N, Suminami Y, Takeda O, Abe H and Kato H. Origin of CA-125 and SSC antigen in human amniotic fluid .Asia-Oceania J Obste. Gynae.1993.19:199-204.
[4] Check JH, Nowroezi K, Winkel CA, Johnson J., Seefried T. Serum CA-125 levels in early pregnancy and subsequent spontaneous abortion. Obstet.Gynea. 1990.75:742-744.

KEY WORDS: ---

[1]. White MJ, Holder T. A three-way stopcock as a universal anesthetic adapter for metered dose inhalers. Anesth Analg. 1990;70(6):670-671.
[2]. Crow S, Conrad SA, Chaney-Rowell C, King JW. Microbial contamination of arterial infusions used for hemodynamic monitoring: a randomized trial of contamination with sampling through conventional stopcocks versus a novel closed system. Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1989;10(12):557-561.

Abstract: A simple, economic, selective, precise, and accurate High Performance liquid Chromatographic method for the analysis of Ametridione in bulk and commercial formulations was developed and validated in the present study. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of Methanol and water in the proportion 70:30 and adjust the pH to 6.0  0.05 with sodium hydroxide solution. This was found to give a sharp peak of Ametridione at a retention time of 4.421min. HPLC analysis of Ametridione was carried out at a wavelength of 254nm with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration curve showed a good linear relationship with a regression coefficient of 0.999 in the concentration range of 50 μg ml-1 to 150 μg ml-1. The linear regression equation was y =2188x-465.3. The developed method was employed with a high degree of precision and degradation for the analysis of Ametridione. The developed method was validated for precision, robustness, detection and quantification limits as per the ICH guidelines. The wide linearity range, sensitivity, short retention time and composition of the mobile phase indicated that this method is better for the quantification of Ametridione.

Keywords: Ametridione, HPLC, Validation

[1] N Goudarzi, M Goodarzi, MCU Araujo… - Journal of agricultural …, 2009 - ACS Publications
[2] A Laganà, G Fago, A Marino, VM Penazzi - AnalyticaChimicaActa, 2000 – Elsevier
[3] Z Jie, Y Binghua, H Jiangrui… - Water Resource and …, 2011 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
[4] J Huuskonen - Journal of chemical information and computer …, 2003 - ACS Publications
[5] R Cazorla-Reyes, JL Fernández-Moreno… - Talanta, 2011 – Elsevier

ABSTRACT: Spleen abscess is a rare entity, only 600 cases reported in the literature, it has a high mortality in immunocompromised patients, and delay in diagnosis and treatment. Splenic abscess is more common in patients with endocarditis, immunocompromised and in patients with immunodeficiency virus infection. Common pathogens isolated include streptococcus spp, staphylococcusspp, mycobacteria,fungi,parasites, and Burk holder iapseudomalleiisolates in melioidosis endemic regions. Computed tomography and ultrasonography guided percutaneous aspiration in common in recent years. Medical treatment alone is insufficient. Splenectomy is considered to be a gold standard for splenic abscesses; different approaches based on abscess characteristics have shown success.

KEYWORDS: Splenicabscess, percutaneousdrainage, splenectomy, and therapy

[1] Bernabeu-WhitelM,VillanuevaJL,PachanJ,etal.,Etiology, clinical features and outcome of splenic micro abscess in HIV infected patients with prolonged fever. EurJClinMicrobiol Infect Dis.1999;18:324-29.
[2] MadroffL.SplenicAbscess.In:Mandell,Douglan,and Bennett's Principles and Practice of infectious Diseases,7thEd.MandellGL.,BennettJE,Dolin R(editors).Churchill Livingstone.Elsevier,2010
[3] AltemeierWA,CalbertsonWR,FullenWD,et al.,Untraabdominalabscesses,Am JSurg.1973;25:70-9.
[4] SarrMG,ZaidemaGD.Splenicabscess:presentation,diagnosis,and treatment. Surgery.1982;92:480-85
[5] ChulavJD,LankeraniMR,Splenic abscess report of 10 cases and review of literature.Am J Med.1976;61:513-22.
[6] Fotiadis C,LavronsG,PavlosP,etal.,Abscess of the spleen:report of 3 cases.World JGastenterol.2008;21:3088-91.

Abstract:Fourteen isolated bacteria same species of Bacillus which were taken from hospital Ramadi and Fallujah sample were collected during the period from October to December 2013 and cultured on blood agar to test the ability to lysis to measure the inhibition zone . six isolate were selected for production of alginase enzyme when cultured in alginate yeast extract broth then only one which have high efficient in the production of alginase enzyme was selected after diagnosed depending on phenotypic, microscopic and biochemical tests which show that the isolate was Bacillus circulans R. The optimal conditions for alginase enzyme production were determined; the optimum incubation period was 24 hrs which gave enzymatic activity (106.1U/ml). 6x107 cell/g dry weight was the optimum inoculums percentage which gave activity (111 Unit/ml), the optimum carbon source which gave activity (212.86 U/ml), when used sodium alginate while peptone was the optimum nitrogen sources with enzymatic activity (275 U/ml ). pH 7.5 gave maximum activity (211.63 U/ml) , the shaking incubator was best in the production of the enzyme which gave enzymatic activity (210 U/ml). Key words: alginase, optimum condition, Bacillus circulans R,

[1] Li, J.W.; Dong, S. ; Song, J.; Li, C.B.; Chen, X.L.; Xie, B.B.and Zhang, Y.Z.(2011).Purification and characterization of a bifunctional alginate lyase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM0524.Mar Drugs. 9(1):109-123.
[2] Steigedal,M.(2006).The Azotobactervinelandiimannuronan C5-epimerases: their biological functions and new tools useful for their future in vivo biotechnological application.PhD thesis.Department of Biotechnology.University of Science and Technology.Norwegian.
[3] Hay,I.D.;Rehman,Z.U.;Ghafoor,A. and Rehm,B.H.A.(2010).Bacterial biosynthesis of alginates.J Chem. TechnolBiotechnol ; 85: 752–759.
[4] Betty, A.F.; Daniel, F.S. and Alice S.W. (2007).Bailey and Scotts diagnostic microbiology. Ed12. Mosby Inc.USA.
[5] Macfaddin, J.F (2000). Biochemical test for identification of medical bacteria .The Williams and wilkinsCo.USA.

Abstract: The presence of significant amount of phenolic compounds in the flavonoid purified extract and ethanol extract Cyperusrotundus may account for its high antioxidant activity and exhibit concentration. In this study an interaction was carried out between one dose of CCl4 (3.2 mg/Kg) and the two doses (150 and 300 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract and purifiedCyperusrotundus and one dose of vitamin C (180 mg/kg) were evaluated in mice (in vivo) given injection for 14 days inducting biochemical function SGOT,SGPT and SALP) in liver homogenate, liver function enzymes and histopathological changes of liver. The results showed that tetrachloride carbon declared obvious devastating effects presented by increasing significantly (P<0.05) in concentrations of enzymes SGOT and SGPT and ALP in the blood serum of mice and all of the flavonoids purified and ethanol extract Cyperusrotundus has decreasing significantly (P<0.05) from the increasing in the concentrations of enzymes levels after 14 days of feeding compared to the treatment of carbon tetrachloride. It was noted that there is an increase of uneven concentrations of enzymes in blood compared to the control group indicating that both purified flavonoid and ethanol extract Cyperusrotundus in providing production hepatic damage through these effects or made it within the normal level and repair the damage. If induced liver increased the values of effectiveness of the enzymes of blood in mice are increased after given these substances.

Key words:Antioxidant activity, Cyperusrotundus, liver function enzymes, Tetrachloride-induced hapatic damage

[1]. Kadir, J., and R. Charudattan (2000). "Dactylariahigginsii, a fungalbioherbicide agent for purple nutsedge (Cyperusrotundus)." Biological control: theory and applications in pest management. 17. PP : 113-124.

[2]. Sri Ranjani, S. and Prince, J. (2012). Physico-chemical and Phyto-chemical study of rhizome of Cyperusrotundus Linn. International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology. Volume-1, Issue- 2, 42-46.

[3]. Ardestani, A, Yazdanparast, R., 2007. Cyperusrotundus suppresses AGE formation and protein oxidation in a model of fructose-mediated protein glycoxidation International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 41, 572–578.

[4]. Nyblom,H.;Berggren,U.;Balldin,J.;Olsson, R.(2002). "High AST/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking". Alcohol., 39 (4): 336–9.

[5]. Ostapowicz,G.;Fontana,RJ.;Schiodt,FV.(2002).Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States.Ann.Intern.Med.,137(12):947-54).

Abstract: Lamotrigine is one of the newer antiepileptic drugs and low aqueous solubility of Lamotrigine is responsible for its poor dissolution and delayed onset of action. The purpose of the present investigation is to increase the dissolution rate of Lamotrigine by preparing its solid dispersions with PEG 6000 using solvent evaporation technique and subjecting them to drug-carrier interaction, dissolution and stability studies and it was found that the dissolution rate was improved for Lamotrigine in its solid dispersion. As indicated from XRD and DSC studies, Lamotrigine was in the amorphous form in the solid dispersions, which confirmed the better dissolution rate of prepared stable solid dispersions. Pharmacokinetic profiles of Lamotrigine and solid dispersion were compared by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett Post Hoc test which indicated higher attainable plasma concentrations. Solid dispersion showed a difference with the pure drug in its pharmacokinetic profile which may be attributed to better dissolution rate of Lamotrigine from its solid dispersion.

Keywords: Lamotrigine, Solubility, Physical Mixture, Solid dispersions, Solvent evaporation, Pharmacokinetic

[1] Barbosa, L., Berk, M. and Vorster, M. 2003. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with Lamotrigine or placebo in patients concomitantly treated with Fluoxetine for resistant major depressive episodes, J. Clin. Psychiatry. 64, 403–407.
[2] Rogawski, M. A. and Loscher, W. 2004. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs,Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 553–564.
[3] Srinarong, P., Kouwen, S., Visser, M.R., Hinrichs, W.L. and Frijlink, H.W. 2010. Effect of drug-carrier interaction on the dissolution behavior of solid dispersion tablets, Pharm. Dev. Technol. 15, 460-468.
[4] Yin, L.F., Huang, S.J., Zhu, C.L., Zhang, S.H., Zhang, Q., Chen, X.J. and Liu, Q.W. 2012. In vitro and in vivo studies on a novel solid dispersion of Repaglinide using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the carrier. Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm. 38, 1371-1380.
[5] Shreya,Shah., Sachi, Joshi., Lin, S. and Madan, P. L. 2012. Preparation and characterization of Spironolactonesolid dispersions using hydrophilic carriers. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 7, 40-49.