Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Prevalence of ischemic heart disease among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Country	::	India
Authors	::	DR Rajesh Debbarma ||, DR Manas Gope
Page No.	::	01-05
Paper Index	::	XXXX
ANED	::	05.3013/05120105

Objectives: To study the prevalence of NAFLD in type 2 diabetes mellitus by ultrasonography, and than the prevalence of IHD among type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without NAFLD assesed using Rose Questionnaire for angina, ECG changes (Minnesota coding system), Echocardiography changes. Methods: Total 170 patients of type 2 diabetes were recruited. History and physical examination were recorded. Laboratory investigations included fasting and 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, liver function tests, lipid profile, and. NAFLD was diagnosed on the basis of ultrasound assessment of the liver. The presence of IHD was assessed by Rose Questionnaire for angina, ECG changes (Minnesota coding system), Echocardiography changes. Results: The study group (n=170) was divided into a NAFLD group (n=86) and a non-NAFLD group (n=84). The prevalence of NAFLD was 50.6%. IHD was more prevalent in the NAFLD subgroup (75%) compared to the non-NAFLD subgroup (23.8%). The NAFLD subgroup had higher prevalence of hypertension, obesity (measured by BMI), central obesity (measured by waist circumference and waist hip ratio), higher Triglyceride and cholesterol levels and lower HDL level. Conclusion: Our results suggest that IHD is extremely common in people with type 2 diabetes and is associated with higher prevalence of NAFLD. It is a surrogate and fairly reliable marker of risk for IHD amongst type 2 diabetic patients. Ultrasonographically detected NAFLD is a simple, cheap, and safely assessable parameter for coronary risk stratification in type 2 diabetics.

Keywords: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease(IHD).

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Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr Manas Gope
Page No.	::	06-08
Paper Index	::	XXXX
ANED	::	05.3013/05120608

Objectives:To assess the level of vitamin D in subjects with T2DM. Materials and Methods: Forty patients patients had been previously diagnosed with t2DM and were taking either oral medication for glucose control or by injecting insulin. selected randomly from Medicine OPD of Kulai district hospital,Tripura, from July to Novembar 2015, and routine assessment of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration done.
Result: Out of 40 patients, 30(75%) were males and 10 (25%) were females. The average serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration was 24.5 ng/ml (±9.2). Twenty-nine patients (72,5%) percent were have 25-hydroxy vitamin D insufficiency (<30 ng/ml).
Conclusion: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients typically have low vitamin D serum levels that perpetuate and worsen patient outcomes.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; BMI; Vitamin D deficiency.

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[2]. Alvarez JA, Ashraf A: Role of vitamin D in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose Homeostasis. Int JEndocrinal 2010, 2010:351-385.

[3]. Yingying S, Ling Y: Can vitamin D intake assist in improving the outcome of endodontic treatment for diabetic patients. Medical Hypotheses 2009, 2:1-6.

[4]. Foss YJ: Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity. Med Hypotheses 2009, 72(3):314-321.

[5]. Zhang Z, Zhang Z: Comment on vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity. Med Hypotheses 2009, 73(1):123.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Transition from Reversible to Irreversible Myocardial Cell Injury in Isolated Rat Heart Preparation
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Rashmi Arora
Page No.	::	09-15
Paper Index	::	XXXX
ANED	::	05.3013/05120915

Myocardial ischaemia reperfusion is associated with activation of intracellular death proteases known as calpains. Ischaemia and reperfusion was induced in isolated rat heart to evaluate the effect of calpain inhibitors SJA-7019 and SJA 7029(10μM and 15μM) and calpastatin, against myocardial injury assessed in terms of infract size, release of LDH and CK. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess extent of necrosis in terms of DNA smearing. TUNEL staining was done to investigate the apoptotic index. Calpain inhibitors SJA-7019,SJA 7029 and calpastatin has attenuated ischaemia reperfusion induced increase in LDH,CK, myocardial infarct size ,DNA smearing and apoptotic index. It is concluded that inhibition of intracellular death proteases prevented ischaemia reperfusion induced apoptosis induced necrotic cell death.

Keywords - Apoptosis , Calpain inhibitors, Ischaemia , Myocardial injury, Necrosis.

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