Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin naturally present in some foods, added to others as a dietary supplement.Vitamin B12 exists in several forms and contains mineral cobalt.Compounds with Vitamin B12 activity are collectively called "cobalamins".Active forms:- Methylcobalamin &5deoxyadenosylcobalamin

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Review Article- Vitamin B12…
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[5]. J. I. Toohey, "Vitamin B12 and methionine synthesis: a critical review. Is nature's most beautiful cofactor misunderstood?" BioFactors, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 45–57, 2006.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by an increase in plasma blood glucose [hyperglycemia].. Atherosclerosis of the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arteries accounts for approximately 80 percent of mortality and for 75 percent of hospitalizations in persons with diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is increased in individuals with type 1 or type 2 DM. The Framingham Heart Study revealed a marked increase in PAD, CHF, CAD, MI, and sudden death (risk increase from one to fivefold) in DM. The American Heart Association has designated DM as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( same category as smoking, hyperten- sion, and hyperlipidemia ). Type 2 diabetes patients without a prior MI have a similar risk for coronary artery related events as no diabetic indivi -duals who have had a prior MI."2"

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Hysterosalpingogram(HSG) is the basic investigation in an infertility workup.Here we report a case where HSG was done in a patient of infertility on day 14 of her last vaginal bleeding assuming it to be her normal menses without ruling out pregnancy .Filling defect was reported as myoma.The end result was an abortion of the precious pregnancy.

Keywords: hysterosalpingogram , infertility, menses, pregnancy, myoma , abortion ,precious.

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The present survey was carried out in order to determine seasonal dynamics of Fasciola hpatica burdens in sheep at a diagnostic laboratory in Abbottabad, Pakistan using microscopic technique. In this study, 106711 fecal samples were examined during 01.06.2010-31.05.2011. The overall prevalence of Fasciola hepatica was 0.9%. Based on results, Fasciola hepatica prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) high (4.51%) during mid of July to the end of August, while the prevalence (%) was 0.59%, 0.22%, 0.12% and 2.01% in August, September, October and November respectively. No parasites were observed during December-February and May. In March and April, the prevalence was 0.18% and 0.41%. Thus it can be concluded that the Fasciola hepatica prevalence in sheep is highest in most hot days of the year, thus the meat of sheep during these days should be avoided.

Keywords: Fecal samples, Prevalence, Flotation techniques, Sedimentation techniques.

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[3]. Ménard A, Agoulon A, L'Hostis ML, Rondelaud D, Collard S, Chauvin A. Myocastor coypus as a reservoir host of Fasciola hepatica in France. Vet Res. 2001, 32: 499-508.
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[5]. Diego R. Oliveira, Diogo M. Ferreira, Carolina C. Stival, Fernanda Romero, Flavia Cavagnolli, Annelise Kloss, Flavia B. Araujo, Marcelo B. Molento. Triclabendazole resistance involving Fasciola hepatica in sheep and goats during an outbreak in Almirante Tamandare, Parana, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 2008, 17: 149-153.

The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Balsamodendron myrrha and Viola oderata were evaluated for anti-microbial activity using the agar well diffusion method against six pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella typhi, Stapylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus). These plants are commonly used in folk medicine to treat infections of microbial origin. The patterns of inhibition varied with the extracts, the solvent used for extraction and the organisms tested. The studies revealed that the activity was in decreasing order of ethanol extracts>cold-water extract>hot-water extract. The preliminary screening experiment revealed that the ethanol extracts of Balsamodendron myrrha and Viola oderata exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity than the cold and hot water extracts. The most susceptible bacterium was Escherichia coli.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas, Salmonella typhi and Stapylococcus epidermidis

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