Background and Objective: Ii is often difficult to diagnose the pathologies of testicle itself or adjacent parts in scrotum clinically. The aims of this study were to detect the abnormalities findings by use of ultrasound (u/s).
Methods: Seventy five patients, with age ranging from 0 to ˃60 years(mean age of 35 +/- 5years), symptomatic with different scrotal clinical indications or infertility were examined by real-time ultrasound during the period fromOctober 2010 to February 2011 in King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH)-Saudi Arabia, Jeddah.
Results: Study showed that the commonest sonographic findings of scrotal were the varicocele was noted in 37.33% .
Conclusion: Ultrasonography was the best imaging modality to diagnose many diseases of the scrotum.
KEYWORDS: ultrasound, scrotal, testicle, scrotum, varicocele.

[1]. Doherty FJ. Ultrasound of the nonacute scrotum. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1991; 12:131-156.
[2]. Cook JL, Dewbury K. The changes seen on high-resolution ultrasound in orchitis. ClinRadiol 2000; 55:13-18.
[3]. Hamm B.Differental diagnosis of scrotal masses by ultrasound.Eur Radiology 1997;7:668-679.(Medline).
[4]. Miskin M and Bain J: B-mode ultrasonic examination of the testes. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 1974; 2: 307.
[5]. Murray Miskin, Martin Buckspan and Jerald Bain. Ultrasonographic examination of scrotal masses. The Journal of Urology, 1977; 117:185-188
[6]. O'Mara EM, Rifkin MD. Scrotum and contents. In: Resnick MI, Rifkin MD, eds. Ultrasound of the Urinary Tract, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 2006:386–435.
[7]. BlaivasM, Sierzenski P, Lambert M. Emergency evaluation of patients presenting with acute scrotum using bedside ultrasonography. AcadEmerg Med. 2001;8(1):90-93.
[8]. HaiderNajim Aubaid et al.Sonographic Findings In Scrotal Swellings. Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 12 No.2 Scientific . 2014.

Acute cognitive dysfunctional manifestations observed in a 3 year old female child following topical 1% Cyclopentolate hydrochloride instillation during cycloplegic refraction. The child presented with exaggeration of suppressed emotions hidden under the unconscious mind by overwhelming responses with intermittent periods of selfishness, happiness and fear of insecurity. The animus component exhibited violently against her father by aggressive voice rising and unpleasant facial expressions calling her mother repeatedly. Happy moments were that of singing, dancing and vivid visual hallucinations. Teasers were viewed violently by biting and clenching, and fighting gestures. However the refraction procedure was completed with full cooperation of the child with love and affection. Systemic absorption of cyclopentolate caused release of inhibitory effect from the conscious mind. Systemic circulation of the drug could be prevented by temporal punctal occlusion in susceptible children. To evaluate factors causing altered behavioural pattern is the purpose of the present case study.

Keywords - Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Cognitive dysfunction, Animus, Collective unconsciousness, Jungian psychoanalyses

[1]. Kortabarría RP, Durán JA, Chacón JR, Domínguez FJ, Pino MA. Toxic psychosis following cycloplegic eye drops. DICP1990;24:708-9.
[2]. Kellner U, Esser J. Acute psychosis caused by poisoning with cyclopentolate. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd1989;194:458-61.
[3]. Khurana AK, Ahluwalia BK, Rajan C, Vohra AK. Acute psychosis associated with topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride. Am J Ophthalmol1988;105:91.
[4]. Jiménez-Jiménez FJ et al. Neurotoxic effects induced by the topical administration of cycloplegics. A case report and review of the literature. Rev Neurol2006;43:603-9.
[5]. Mirshahi A, Kohnen T. Acute psychotic reaction caused by topical cyclopentolate use for cycloplegic refraction before refractive surgery: case report and review of the literature. J Cataract Refract Surg2003;29:1026-30.
[6]. Huismans H. Acute psychosis after cyclopentolate-HCL. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd1979;175:100-2.
[7]. Wüthrich B, Anit MB, Kuhn M, Matter BZ, Priske S. Systemic anticholinergic side-effects. Allergy2000;55:788-9.

Abstract : Aim: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly men. Selective alfa 1 -adrenergic antagonists are now first-line drugs in the medical management of BPH. We conducted randomized, controlled trial to compare the effectiveness and safety of the new alfa 1 -blocker silodosin versus the established drug tamsulosin in symptomatic BPH.
Materials and Methods: Ambulatory male BPH patients, aged above 50 years, were recruited on the basis of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Subjects were randomized in 1:1 ratio to receive either tamsulosin 0.4 mg controlled release or silodosin 8 mg once daily after dinner for 12-week. Primary outcome measure was reduction in IPSS. Proportion of subjects who achieved IPSS <8, change in prostate size as assessed by ultrasonography and changes in peak urine flow rate and allied uroflowmetry parameters, were secondary effectiveness variables. Treatment emergent adverse events were recorded.
Results: Data of 57 subjects - 28 on silodosin and 29 on tamsulosin were analyzed. Final IPSS at 12-week was significantly less than baseline for both groups. However, groups remained comparable in terms of IPSS at all visits. There was a significant impact on sexual function (assessed by IPSS sexual function score) in silodosin arm compared with tamsulosin. Prostate size and uroflowmetry parameters did not change. Both treatments were well-tolerated. Retrograde ejaculation was encountered only with silodosin and postural hypotension only with tamsulosin. Conclusions: Silodosin is comparable to tamsulosin in the treatment of BPH in Indian men. However, retrograde ejaculation may be troublesome for sexually active patients.

Keywords – BPH-benign prostatic hyperplasia,IPSS-international prostate symptom score,Qol-quality of life

[1]. Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD. Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr, Wein AJ, editors. Campbell's Urology. 8 th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.; 2002. p. 1297-336.
[2]. Reznicek SB. Common urologic problems in the elderly. Prostate cancer, outlet obstruction, and incontinence require special management. Postgrad Med 2000;107:163-4, 167.
[3]. Kaplan SA. Use of alpha-adrenergic inhibitors in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and implications on sexual function. Urology 2004;63:428-34.
[4]. Wilt TJ, Mac Donald R, Rutks I. Tamsulosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD002081

Breast cancer is a worldwide disease resulting in many deaths. This study investigated the management of breast cancer with respect to treatment modalities and other clinical factors in the study population in a university teaching hospital in South West Nigeria. A five-year retrospective review of 583 breast cancer records of patients from 1st January 2008- 31st December 2012 who presented newly at surgical out-patient and radiotherapy departments of the Hospital was undertaken. Analysis was carried out using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 15.0). Mean age of the breast cancer patients was 44.9 (sd=13.3); there were more females (98.3%); 28.9% presented at stage II with invasive ductal carcinoma histological type (93.6%); almost three-quarters of the patients received combination treatment modalities; 55.5 % and 47.8% of the patients received a two-drug neoadjuvant and adjuvant regimen respectively; 25.8% completed 4 cycles of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy treatment while 32.3% completed 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. The disease was majorly managed using combination therapy and involve both adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapies. More efforts should be put into public awareness on breast cancer, health education and improving socioeconomic status of the patients at risk and the provision of more facilities for early detection and treatment.
Key words: Adjuvant Therapy, Breast Cancer, Combined Treatment, Neo-adjuvant Therapy, Treatment Modalities.

[1] Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, and Thun MJ. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61: 2011:69–90.
[2]. Adebamowo CA and Ajayi OO. Breast Cancer in Nigeria. West Afr J Med 19, 2000:179-191.
[3]. Sule Emmanuel A. Age distribution and histological types of breast cancer in two major hospitals in the Niger delta, Nigeria. Continental J. Biomedical Sciences 5 (1):2011 37 – 42.
[4]. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, Fryback DG, Clarke L, Zelen M, Mandelblatt JS, Yakovlev AY, Habbema JD, and Feuer EJ. Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) Collaborators. Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N Engl J Med 353,2005:1784–1792
[5]. WHO. National Cancer Control Programmes; policies and managerial guidelines, 2nd edition. 2002
[6]. Adesunkanmi ARK, Lawal OO, Adelusola KA, Durosimi MA. The severity, outcome and challenges of breast cancer in Nigeria. The Breast 15, 2006: 399-409.

The nut of Cola nitida Vent was extracted and examined for its starch constituent and physicochemical properties. The starch was isolated using 1%w/v sodium metabisulphite solution. The starch obtained had a fine texture, white, tasteless and odourless with a pH of 5.5 and moisture content of 9.67%. 75 mg acetylsalicylic acid tablet was formulated with novel starch using direct compression method. The formulated tablets conform to the pharmacopoeia standard for weight uniformity, disintegration time, friability and hardness. The values obtained from the test sample tablet were compared with the values obtained from 3 other brands of 75 mg acetylsalicylic acid tablet bought from the market. ANOVA with Duncan Hoc test was performed on graphpad instat software to determine the statistical comparison among the samples at p < 0.05. Values were represented as mean ± standard deviation. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the disintegration and hardness profiles of the test sample and most of the commercial brands of acetylsalicylic acid tablets.

Key words: kola starch, acetylsalicylic acid, physicochemical and formulation.

[1]. AACC (2005). International Approved Method of Analysis. 11th edition.
[2]. British Pharmacopeia (2002). Her majesty's stationary office, London.
[3]. Monograph on tests of tablets.
[4]. British Pharmacopoeia (2008). British Pharmacopoeial Commission. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
[5]. Builder, P.F.; Emeji, M. and Kunle, O.O. (2004). Some Physico-chemical Properties of Cyperus. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Science 2(1):138-144.

This study was designed to investigate the possibility of statins hepatoprotection in paracetamol toxicicity. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity was associated with significant decrease in the serum total albumin(g/dl) p< 0.05) and total protein(g/dl) ( p< 0.05) . However, it significantly increased ( p< 0.0001), ALT IU/L, AST IU/L, and ALP IU/L as shown in group 3 ( positive control) in comparison with the negative control (group 1) ( table 1). Using of simvastatin 10mg/kg in healthy animals ( group 2) caused slight insignificant changes in serum total albumin(g/dl), total protein(g/dl), ALT IU/L, AST IU/L, and ALP IU/L. However, simultaneous administration of simvastatin 10mg/kg with paracetamol, significantely attenuate the adverse changes in the serum total albumin(g/dl), total protein (g/dl), ALT IU/L, AST IU/L, and ALP IU/L. However, it didn't bring them to the normal limits.

Key words: Paracetamol, hepatotoxicicity, hepatoprotection, simvastatin

[1]. Satio C; Zwingmann C and Jaeschke H. Novel mechanisms of protection against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice by glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Hepatology 2010;51(1):246-254.
[2]. Smilkstein MJ; Knapp GL; Kenneth Kulig KW; and Rumack BH. Efficacy of Oral N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Acetaminophen Overdose. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1557-1562.
[3]. Suzuki A; Yuen N; Walsh J; Papay J; Hunt CM and Diehl AM. Co-medications That Modulate Liver Injury and Repair Influence Clinical Outcome of Acetaminophen-Associated Liver Injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(8):882-888.
[4]. Zhang JY, Song SD, Pang Q, Zhang RY, Wan Y, Yuan DW, Wu QF, Liu C. Hydrogen-rich water protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(14): 4195-4209.
[5]. Wang Y, Jiang Y, Fan X, Tan H, Zeng H, Wang Y, Chen P, Huang M, Bi H. Hepatoprotective effect of resveratrol against acetaminophen-induced liver injury is associated with inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation and regulation of SIRT1-p53 signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett. 2015; pii: S0378-4274.

Sleeping is a natural repetitive state of rest for the mind and body which is essential to life. Sufficient sleep is extremely important for one's mental and physical health, but sleep loss is a remarkable problem in modern society. The objective of this study was designed to encourage students to seek healthier sleep habits, by using academic success as an indicator. It was a cross-sectional study conducted among different studying levels of Ajman University of Science and Technology (AUST) undergraduate medical students during February 2015 to April 2015. Inclusive of all 200 registered medical students were selected for this study. A standard questionnaire that contained questions on demography, sleep habits, academic performance and ideal sleep was used to collect data. Out of 200 students, 190 responded, giving aresponse rate of 95%,where 74% were female and 19% resided on-campus. Including weekdays and weekends averagely, 48% respondents slept for 6-8 hours, 22% for 6 hours and 30% slept for 8 hours. An average of 35%respondents had infrequent day-naps, 23% frequent and 19% had no day-naps at all. Respondents who slept>6 hours were observed to have significantly higher academic performance. It is concluded thatpeople need to understand the role of sleeping and have to take adequate sleep of 6-8 hours per day for healthandwellbeing.

Key words: Sleep pattern, academic performance, medical students

[1] Lima PF, Medeiros ALD, Araujo JF. 2002. Sleep-wake pattern of medical student: Early versus late class string time. Braz J Med Biol Res 35:1373–1377. [2] Krueger JM, Obal F. 2003. Sleep function. Front Biosci8:d 511-9.
[3] Benington JH. 2000. Sleep homeostasis and the function of sleep. Sleep 23: 959-66.
[4] Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. 2006. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med Rev 10(5):323–337.
[5] Gilbert SP and Weaver CC. 2010. Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24:295- 306.

The knowledge of mothers on immunization- a public health intervention that has greatly reduced mortality and morbidity globally- is very vital as they play a great role in child care. Their ability to have the right knowledge will enhance their practice and attitude towards immunization. This study was set to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers as regards immunization and the influence of socio demographic characteristics on immunizable children.

Key words: Knowledge, attitude, practices, mothers, child immunization

[1]. Angelillo I.F., Ricciardi G., Rossi P., Pantisano P., Langiano E. & Pavia M.(1999) Mothers and vaccination: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour in Italy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77 (3): 225-228
[2]. Antai, D., (2009) Inequitable childhood immunization uptake in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual determinants. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9: 181
[3]. Awosika D. (2012) Access to immunization and other public health interventions through the pharmacists. West African Journal of Pharmacy 23 (1): 3 –11
[4]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). "Measles--United States, January 1 - April 25, 2008". Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report(MMWR) 57 (18): 494–8.
[5]. Gherardi E. The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications. Immunology course Medical School, University of Pavia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)#cite_ref-Silverstein_2-0 Accessed 2nd August 2013

The present study was conducted to assess and compare the efficacy and safety of two doses of oral midazolam as premedication in pediatric patients undergoing surgeries under general anesthesia. Forty children aged 1-5 years were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the two groups and received oral preparation of midazolam in two doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg in two groups respectively, 30 minutes before separation from parents. They were assessed for patient's acceptance of the medication , reaction to separation from parents, sedation scores and recovery conditions. With regard to children's reaction to separation from their parents, the number of comfortable children was more in group B (18,90%) as compared to group A (15,75%). On arrival to the operation room eight children (40%) had satisfactory sedation scores in group B as compared to 5(25%) in group A. Satisfactory sedation score was also higher in group B (10,50%) as compared to group A (4,20%) after reversal of residual paralysis. Time to spontaneous ventilation and extubation and time from pre-medication to full recovery were not different in two groups. Oral mid

Key words: anesthesia, midazolam, pediatric, premedication, ,sedation.

[1]. White PF : Pharmacologic and clinical aspects of preoperative medication. Anesth Analg 65:963-74,1986
[2]. McMillan CO, Spahr-Schopfer IA, Sikich N, Hartley E, Lerman J. Premedication of children with oral midazolam. Can J Anaesth. 1992;39:545-50.
[3]. Feld LH, Negus JB, White PF. Oral midazolam preanesthetic medication in pediatric outpatients. Anesthesiology.1990;73:831-4
[4]. Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR, Merkel S, Tremper K and Naughton N. Depth of sedation in children undergoing computed tomography : validity and reliability of the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). Br J Anesth.vol.88,no.2, pp.241-245,2002
[5]. Rita L, Seleny FL, Goodarzi M. Intramuscular midazolam for pediatric preanesthetic sedation. A double-blind controlled study with morphine. Anesthesiology 63:528-31, 1985.

The use of herbal medicine to treat infection has been practiced since the origin of mankind, and honey produced by Apis mellifera is one of the oldest traditional medicines considered important in the treatment of various human ailments. However, differently processed honeys exhibit different antibacterial properties, thus this study was aimed at investigating the antibacterial potency of fortified honey, and compared with the unfortified and natural honey tested on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi on the four honey samples (honey fortified with ginger, honey fortified with lemon, unfortified honey and natural honey) was determined using the agar ditch method. Honey fortified with lemon shows higher antibacterial activity especially on Salmonella typhi with the zones of inhibition of 25, 28, 29.5, 30 and 31 mm at the concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % (v/v) respectively, than unfortified honey and natural honey. This study revealed that fortified honey mostly honey fortified with lemon has increased antibacterial activity due to the presence of fortifying agents than the unfortified honey. The antibacterial activity of fortified honey may depend on the quantity of the fortifying agents present in the honey samples as honey fortified with ginger produced a contrary result; this means that the fortifying agents may not necessarily be applied in honey to add to its antibacterial potency rather used as a flavoring agent.

Key words: Antibacterial activity, Clinical bacterial isolates, Fortified and unfortified honey, Fortifying agents, Zones of inhibition.

[1] Manisha, D.M & Shyamapada M (2011) Honey: Its Antibacterial Activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 154-160
[2] National Honey Board (1994) Honey Definitions, Bee journal 23: 117-118
[3] White, J.W. (1966) Inhibition and Glucose Oxidase in Honey - A review. Am. Bee J., (106): pp. 2449-2451.
[4] Sound Health (2013) The Superiority of Raw Honey [Online]. Available from: http://www.healthymuslim.com/articles/iiyhu-the-superiority-of-raw- honey.cfm. [Accessed on 23rd September, 2014]
[5] Subrahmanyam, & Jibril ,O. (2001). Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Bacterial. Classification of Bacteria. (223): pp. 45-47.