Five metal chelates of the type M (1,2-naphthoquinone, 2-oxime)2 where M = Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn, Pb, have been synthesized. NMR spectra of proton and carbon 13 have been recorded in CDCl3 of the studied metal chelates and the chemical shifts of proton and carbon 13 are computed by using Gaussian 09 computer code. The Hartree – Fock method was set to calculate the geometry of metal chelates with employing LNNL2DZ basis set. The computed chemical shifts of proton and 13Carbon have been compared with experimental data and found that these values are in good agreement. The chemical shift of nitrogen, oxygen and metals are also reported
KEYWORDS: 1-Nitroso-2, naphthol, 1-2 Naphthoquinone-2, Oxime, NMR, Metal chelates

[1]. A. E. Shchavlev, A. N. Pankratov and Venelin Enchev, Intramolecular Hydrogan- bonding interactions in 2- nitroso phenol and nitrosonaphthols Ab Initio, Density Functtinal and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Theoretical syudy. J. Phys. Chem., A, 111, 7112 – 7123 (2007).
[2]. Anto Vainiotalo and Jouko Vepsäläinen, 1H and 13C NMR studies on nitroso naphthols, and their complexation with the dioxouranium (VI) ion, Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, Volume 24, Issue 9, pages 758–761 (1986).
[3]. A.P. Avdeenko, G.M. Glinyanaya and V.V. Pirozhenko, Synthesis and spectral study of salts derived from quinine mono-dioximes., Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 35(10)1480-1487 (1999).
[4]. F. Sundler, L. J. Larsson and R. Hakanson., Fluorescence histochemistry of peptide harmome- producing cells observations on the nitrosonaphthol method for the determination of tyrosine residues., Histochemistry, 50, 39 – 46 (1976).
[5]. N.R. Gonewar, V. B. Jadhav K.D. Jadhav, and R.G. Sarawadekar, Theoretical calculations of infrared, NMR and electronic spectra of 2-nitroso-1, naphthol or 1-2 naphthoquinine-2 oxime and comparison with experimental data, Research in Pharmacy, 2(1) : 18-25 (2012).

Effect of different processing methods on proximate, vitamins and minerals composition of vernonia amygdalina were evaluated using standard procedure and method. Leaves of vernonia amygdalina were subjected to boiling, sun drying squeeze washing+ salt and squeeze washing+boiling. Proximate values of the fresh vegetables were generally higher than it processed counterparts. The least moisture and Fiber content were recorded for sundried leave, while the least lipid, proteim and ash contents were recorded for Squeeze+boiled leaf. Squeeze+salt processing methods had the least effect on the proximate content when compared with other processing methods. The vitamin C and A contents of the fresh leave were 195.5+0.14 mg/100g and 0.38+0.02mg/100g respectively. The vitamin C and A contents were more lowered in Squeeze+boil sample, while Sundrying had the least effect on vitamin C and vitamin A content when compared with other processing methods. The fresh leaf also had higher mineral contents than the processed vegetable except for Na which was highest in Squeeze+salt sample. The least Fe, Ca and K contents were recorded for Squeeze+boil sample. In conclusion Vernonia amygdalina possesses considerable amounts of nutrients. However, the traditional method of processing this vegetable results in loss of some of the vital nutrients

Keywords - vernonia amygdalina, proximate, minerals, vitamin, processing methods

[1]. Adegunwa, M.O., Alamu, E.O. , Bakare, H.A. and Oyeniyi, C.O (2011) Proximate and bioactive contents of some selected Vegetables in Nigeria: Processing and Varietal effects. American Journal Of Food And Nutrition. 1.4.171.177
[2]. Adeyeye, E. I. and Ayejuyo, O. O. (1994). Chemical composition of Cola accuminata and Grarcina kola seed grown in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 45, 223-230
[3]. Ajala, L.(2009). The Effect of Boiling on the Nutrients and Anti-Nutrients in Two non Conventional Vegetables Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (9): 1430-1433
[4]. Ajebesone, P.E. and Aina, J.O. (2004). Potential African substitutes for hops in tropical beer brewing. Journal of Food Technology, 9:13-16.
[5]. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists): (1996). Official Methods of Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C.
[6]. Arhoghro, E.M., Ekpo, K.E., Anosike, E.O. and Ibeh, G.O. (2009). Effect of water extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino wistar rats. European Journal of Science Research, 26: 122-130

Bangladesh is a country of vast natural resources and plants of utmost values. Over the years, natural products based medical practitioners have been using numerous plants as the panacea of wide range of ailments. By considering the traditional claims, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. on Swiss albino mice in which pyrexia was induced injecting brewer's yeast. The experiment was executed by dividing the test animals into four groups i.e. group I receiving vehicle double distilled water (DDW) at a dose of 10 mL/kg b.w (body weight) p.o (per orally) as control, group II receiving paracetamol at a dose of 150 mg/kg b.w p.o as standard, group III and group IV receiving methanolic extract of root (MERMA) and leaves (MELMA) of M. angustifolia respectively; both at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w p.o. After the administration of the samples, rectal temperature of mice was recorded up to 3 hours. Both the extracts along with paracetamol significantly (p<0.05-0.01) reduced temperature comparing to control.

Keywords - Antipyretic activity, albino mice, Morinda angustifolia Roxb., paracetamol, yeast induced pyrexia

[1] Axelrod Y K, Diringer M N. Temperature management in acute neurologic disorders. Neurol Clin, 26 (2): 2008; 585–603.
[2] Karakitsos D, Karabinis A. Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children. N Engl J Med; 359 (11); 2008; 1179–80.
[3] Anochie, Ifesinachi P. Mechanisms of fever in humans. International Journal of Microbiology and Immunology Research 2(5); 2013; 037-043.
[4] Mandal S, Upadhyay N, Sharma I, Rohit S, Mandloi A. A Comparative Antipyretic Activity of the Crude Extracts of the Ariel Parts of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Bauhinia variegate. Recent Research in Science and Technology 3(7); 2011; 16-18.
[5] Rates S.M.K. Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon (39); 2001; 603–613.

Microorganisms are known to cause different types of infection in both humans and animals. The use of medicinal plants to prevent and treat such infections is increasing. This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical constituents of ethanolic extract of Senna siamea leaf and also to determine its antimicrobial activity on some Enterobacteriaceae which include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia, using agar disc diffusion method. The result revealed that the ethanolic extract of Senna siamea leaf inhibited the growth of these microorganisms to varying proportions with zones of inhibition ranging from 16 to 20 mm as lowest and highest zones of inhibition. Furthermore, the phytochemical screening of the leaf extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins, while saponins were absence. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts could be responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. Findings therefore, recommend the use of Senna siamea leaf in the treatment of enteric fever in traditional medicine.

Keywords - Antimicrobial, Phytochemical, Senna siamea and Enterobacteriaceae

[1]. Abebe, D.(1996). The Development of Drug Research. Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institution News letter,1: Pp5-6.
[2]. Aliyu, B.S., (2006) West African ethnomedicinal plants, Triumph publishing company, kano, Nigeria.
[3]. Bashir, Z.A. (2012). In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Membrane-Acting Antibiotics Action Against
[4]. Streptococci'. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences., 2(12): 042 – 047.
[5]. Bukar, A., Mukhtar M.D. and Hassan A.S. (2009). "Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Senna siamea (lam) on Pseudomonas aeruginos". Bayero Journal Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(1):Pp139 – 142.

Orthodontic tooth movement is a biological response towards mechanical force resulting in remodeling of the periodontal structure allowing for tooth movement. Periodontal remodelling is a complex process regulated in parts by prostaglandins and adversely affected by the use of nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Orthodontists often prescribe drugs to manage pain from force application to biologic tissues. No steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs commonly prescribed. NSAIDs block prostaglandin synthesis and result in slower tooth movement. Prostaglandins have been found to play a direct role in bone resorption. Aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, vadecoxib, and celecoxib are the commonly prescribed drugs. Acetaminophen is the drug of choice for orthodontic pain without affecting orthodontic tooth movement. This review concerns commonly used NSAIDs , mechanism of action and the effect on tooth movement.

Keywords - Orthodontics, NSAIDs, tooth movement, pain control, prostaglandin

[1]. Davidovitch Z, Finkelson MD, Steigman S, Shanfeld JL, Montgomery P. Electric currents, bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement Am J Orthod 1980;77(1):33-47.
[2]. Yamasaki K, Shibata Y, Imai S, Tani Y, Shibasaki Y, Fukuhara T. Clinical application of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) upon orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1984; 85:508-510.
[3]. Goodman and Gilman. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th edition California: McGraw Hill; 2011
[4]. Stephanos Kyrkanides, M. Kerry O'Banion, and J. Daniel Subtelny. Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs in orthodontic tooth movement: Metalloproteinase activity and collagen synthesis by endothelial cells. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2000;118:203-9
[5]. Oscar R. Arias, and Maria C. Marquez-Orozco. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen: Their effects on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006;130:364-70.

Introduction. The occurrence of the new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation is common and represents a risk factor for decreased survival of the graft and the patient. Case presentations. We report 6 cases of diabetes appeared in post renal transplantation. Treatment after kidney transplantation was based on corticosteroids associated with immunosuppressive therapy in all cases. Diabetes appeared after renal transplantation in 30% of cases, it was discovered during a systematic examination. The treatment consisted of insulin therapy for 3 patients, oral anti-diabetic for a patient and 2 patients had normalized their blood glucose levels after discontinuation of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy adjustment. Conclusion. Immunosuppressive therapy associated with multiple risk factors presented by patients favor the occurrence of this diabetes.

Keywords - diabetes, renal transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, corticosteroids.

[1]. L. Ghisdal, S. Van Laecke et al. New-Onset Diabetes After Renal Transplantation. Consensus Reports/ADA Statement, Diabetes care, Volume 35, JAN 2012.
[2]. Tokodai K1, Amada N et al. Insulin resistance as a risk factor for new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2014 March ;46(2):537-9.
[3]. F. Hadj Kacem, F. Mnif et al. Diabète et transplantation rénale. Diabetes & Metabolism, Volume 39, Numéro S1, pages A47-A48 (mars 2013).
[4]. Kesiraju S, Paritala P et al. New onset of diabetes after transplantation an overview of epidemiology, mechanism of development and diagnosis. Transpl Immunol. 2014 Jan; 30(1).
[5]. Augusto JF, Subra JF et al. Relation between pre transplant magnesemia and the risk of new onset diabetes after transplantation within the first year of kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2014 Jun 15;97(11):1155-60.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short (20–22 nucleotides) non-coding RNA molecules that mediate gene expression. This is an important regulatory mechanism to modulate fundamental cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, death, metabolism, and pathophysiology of many diseases. The miRNA expression profile of the kidney differs greatly from that of other organs, as well as between the different regions in the kidney. In kidneys, miRNAs are indispensable for development and homeostasis. In this review, we explore the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of blood pressure, hormone, water, and ion balance pertaining to kidney homeostasis. We also highlight their importance in renal pathophysiology, such as in polycystic disease, diabetic nephropathy, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hypertension, renal cancer, and kidney fibrosis (epithelial–mesenchymal transition). In addition, we highlight the need for further investigations on miRNA-based studies in the development of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools for renal diseases. [1]

Keywords - miRNAs, siRNAs, Cancer, Immune system, therapeutic method.

[1]. http://www.yale.edu/giraldezlab/miRNA.html
[2]. http://www.exiqon.com/what-are-microRNAs
[3]. Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, J. Andrew Carlson, MD, Graham Brock, American Society of Clinical Pathology
[4]. Am J Clin Pathol © 2007 American Society for Clinical Pathology
[5]. Lin He and Gregory J.Hannon, MicroRNAs: SMALL RNAs WITH A BIG ROLE IN GENE REGULATION, Nature, July 2004, Volume5.

Kigelia africana Lam. Benth (Bignoniaceae) leaves are used in ethnomedicine for the management and treatment of various infectious diseases. This study was aimed at investigating the Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant to aid standardization and continuous usage.
       Evaluation of fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves were carried out to determine Pharmacognostic profile. Chemical tests were employed in phytochemical investigations. The antioxidant activities were carried out using DPPH radical scavenging method. The polyphenolic contents were also evaluated. Inhibitory activity of the crude methanol extract and fractions against clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Candida albicans and Candida parasilopsis were compared with ciprofloxacin and nystatin for bacteria and fungi respectively.
       Pharmacognostic data which can aid sample identification are provided. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The fractions showed significant antioxidant activity when compared to the standard with n-butanol fraction having the highest activity. The crude methanol extract and the fractions inhibited the growth of E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and C. parasilopsis to varying degrees, except the aqueous fraction that was devoid of activity.
       Extract and fractions of K. africana have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of selected microorganisms and showed significant antioxidant activity. These results showed that K. africana has a role in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Keywords - Kigelia africana, Pharmacognostic, antioxidant, antimicrobial.

[1]. Sofowora A. The state of medicinal plant research in Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Nigeria. 1986. 101.
[2]. Kigelia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kigelia.
[3]. Nigerian Natural Medicine Development Agency. Medicinal plants of Nigeria: North-East Nigeria. 1st ed. 2009. 32.
[4]. Gabriel OA and Olubunmi A. Comprehensive scientific demystification of Kigelia africana: A review. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2009; 3 (9): 158-164.
[5]. Sharma UK, Singh A, Sharma U, Kumar M, Rai D, Agrahari P. Wound healing activity of Kigelia pinnata bark extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2010; 3 (4): 73-75.