The phytochemical analysis of the bark of Juglans regia showed that it contained reducing sugars, alkaloid, tannins, phenols and saponins. Preliminary phytochemical test of the leaves of Juglans regia showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins. Nutritional analysis of the kernels of Juglans regia, revealed that it contained carbohydrates, starch, sugars, fiber, fat (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated), protein, vitamins (folates, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin K) and minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and aluminum). However, the nutritional contents differs from a cultivar to another which can be influenced by genotype, cultivator, different ecology and different soil............

Keywords: Juglans regia, chemical constituents, nutrition, pharmcology, therapeutic

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of their gastro-intestinal effects (part 1). Ind J of Pharm Sci & Res 2015; 5(4): 220-232.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Arabian medicinal plants for the treatment of intestinal disorders- plant based review (part 1). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(6): 53-66.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Arabian medicinal plants possessed gastroprotective effects- plant based review (part 1). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(7): 77-95.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of their respiratory effects ( part 1). International Journal of Pharmacological Screening Methods 2015; 5(2):64-71.

[5]. Al-Snafi AE. A review of medicinal plants with broncho-dilatory effect- Part 1. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy, 2015; 5(7): 297-304.

Many studies showed that medicinal plants possessed stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the contractility of smooth muscles. These effects are mediated by many mechanisms included interference with neurotransmitters, neuro-mediators, second messengers, ionic channels and other mechanisms. The current review will highlight the medicinal plants affected contractility of vascular, gastrointestinal, reproductive, respiratory, urinary and other smooth muscles.

Keywords: medicinal plants, pharmacology, therapeutic, contractility, contraction, relaxation

[1]. Al-Snafi AE, Al-Trikrity AH and Ahmad RH. Hypoglycemic effect of Teucrium polium and Cyperus rotundus in normal and diabetic rabbits. Med J Tikrit Univ 2000; 9(2): 1-10.
[2]. 2-Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of plants with antidiabetic effects (part 1). J of Pharmaceutical Biology 2015; 5(3): 218-229.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with antidiabetic effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(7): 49-61.

[4]. 103-Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of plants with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity (part 1). Int J of Pharmacy 2015; 5(3): 125-147.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. Arabian medicinal plants with antiinflammatory effects- plant based review (part 1). Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8 (7): 55-100.

The present investigation aims at evaluation of the protective efficacy of picroliv and curcumin alone and combination against chronic ethanol exposure induced liver damage. Alcoholic liver cirrhosis was induced in the rat by low calorie diet feeding along with oral ethanol intake in gradually increasing concentration (25-75%) over the duration of 35 days (5 weeks). Picroliv (30 mg/kg) and curcumin (70 mg/kg) were given orally 2 h after the ethanol administration starting from the fifth week, continuously for seven days. On 35th day animals were sacrificed, blood and organ samples were collected, and SGOT, SGPT, ALP, cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), bilirubin, total protein, and albumin were measured. Curcumin alone and in combination with picroliv showed a reversal of body weight loss induced by alcohol. Picroliv, curcumin, and the combination of picroliv and curcumin significantly............

Keywords: Alcohol, Curcumin, Liver cirrhosis, Low calorie diet, Picroliv.

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The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of combination containing Metformin plus Sulfonylureas (MET+GLI/GLIB) and to determine whether combination of Sulfonylureas had clinically remarkable benefit over Metformin alone (MET) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. This was a single centric, open labelled, prospective study, involving 70 Type 2 diabetes patients betweenage group of 18-75 yearsold. Data of only Type 2 diabetic patients who were prescribed eitherMetformin 500 mg,Metformin plus Glimepiride (500+2) mg and Metformin plus Glibenclamide (500+5) mg were included in the study. Efficacy was evaluated based on changes in RBS and FBS at every follow-up of one month for totally 3 months..............

Keywords: Metformin plus Sulfonylureas, Combination therapy, Type 2 Diabetes.

[1]. Harsh Mohan, Textbook of Pathology, 7th Edition, Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd New Delhi, 2015:808-809.
[2]. Sirajudeen S A., et al., Type 2 Diabetes Patients on Dual Oral Therapy: Does Glycemic Control Continue? IJOPP.2014; 7(1):41-6.

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[5]. Charbonnel B, Shernthaner G, Brunetti P: Long-term efficacy and tolerability of add-on piogçitazone therapy to falling monotherapy compared with addition of glicazide or metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005, 48: 1093-1104. 10.1007/s00125-005-1751-1.

The hepatic metabolism and clearance of drugs are altered in liver dysfunction which necessitates the need for assessment of severity of liver dysfunction and dosage individualization. The degree of hepatic impairment was calculated using Child-Pugh classification and the dose adjustments were per formed using the published drug dosing guidelines. The dosing interval or the total dose was adjusted when necessary. The degree of liver function impairment of 50 patients was assessed in the present study. Among the 545 drugs prescribed, the dosages of 40 (7.33%) were adjusted based on the severity of liver dysfunction. Spironolactone, torsemide, and rabeprazole were some of the drugs for which dose was adjusted in patients with hepatic function impairment. Medication chart review and concurrent feedback by the clinical pharmacist may result in enhanced medication safety and improved therapeutic outcome in patients with hepatic dysfunction.

Keywords: liver dysfunction, Child-Pugh scale, hepatotoxic drugs, dosage adjustment.

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[4]. Verbeeck, R. (2008). Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. European Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 64(12), 1147-1161. doi: 10.1007/s00228-008-0553-z

[5]. Dhiman, R., & Chawla, Y. (2005). Herbal Medicines for Liver Diseases. Digestive Diseases And Sciences, 50(10), 1807-1812. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2942-9