To explore the effect of bovine -crystallin on high cholesterol diet-induced rats. Rats were divided into three groups (n=6 in each) control, hypercholesterolemic and  crystallin treated. The lipid profiles, antioxidant and membrane bound ATPase status of serum and various tissues were investigated in hypercholesterolemic rats and the effect of -crystallin on defense systems. The results showed that there was a decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride level on -crystallin treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Cholesterol enriched diet caused a significant increase in the lipid peroxide and free radical scavenging enzyme concentrations of serum, liver and heart. In addition, a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) content, were found in serum, liver and heart. This study indicated that administration of -crystallin may play an important role in suppressing oxidative stress, and thus, may be useful for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

Keywords: -crystallin, Hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, lipid profile, Antioxidant, ATPase

[1]. Khoo K, H.Tan, Y. Liew, J.Deslypere and E.Jansus, Lipids and coronary heart disease in Asia.Atherosclerosis,2003; 169; 1-10 .
[2]. Matos, S., H. Paula, M. Pedrosa, R. Santos, E. Oliveira, D. Junior and M. Silva. Dietary models for inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats.Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology and Internationa Journal, 2005, Vol.48 No. 2 pp: 203-209.
[3]. .
[4]. Vafa, M., E. Haghighatjoo and A. Ziaee. Effect of apple consumption on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic and overweight men. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2011.Vol. 2 No.2 pp:84-100.
[5]. .Ling, W., Q. Cheng, J. Ma and T. Wang. Red and Black Rice Decrease Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Increase Antioxidant Status in Rabbits. The Journal of Nutrition.2001. Vol. 131 No. 5 pp:1421-1426.

The present study was aimed at investigating the in-vivo antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Bougainvillea glabra. Methanol extract of Bougainvillea glabra was administered to rats at two different doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 21 days and to evaluate oxidative stress parameters such as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzyme levels [catalase (CAT) & superoxide dismutase (SOD)]. The methanol extracts of Bougainvillea glabra significantly (p < 0.05) elevated the ferric FRAP on 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment. Significant (p<0.05) decrease of TBARS level along with an increase in the SOD & CAT enzymes level in the liver and kidneys at two different doses of the plant was observed. However, there was no major effect of TBARS, SOD, CAT and GSH levels in heart at two different doses of Bougainvillea glabra. The above results recommend that Bougainvillea glabra have potent antioxidant activity, which were responsible for its reported pharmacological activity.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Bougainvillea glabra, FRAP, GSH, SOD, TBARS.

[1]. SR. Maxwell, Prospects for the use of Antioxidant Therapies. Drugs (49), 1995, 345-61.
[2]. H. Kazim, R.Stephen, G.Hazelrig, Oxidative Injury due to Chronic Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Rat: effect of Regular Exercise on the Heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis; 15(87), 2002, 75-82.
[3]. RA. Jacob, The Integrated Antioxidant Syste. Nutrition Res (15), 1995, 755–66.
[4]. C. Rice-Evans, B. Halliwell, GG. Lunt, Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress: Environment, Drugs and Food additives (2nd edition, Portland press: London 1995).
[5]. F. Aqil, I. Ahmad and Z. Mehmood. Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Twelve Traditionally used Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish J Biol (30), 2006, 177–83.

Vitiligo is a disease which can be occurred at any age characterized by hypo-pigmented patches in some areas of the body. Within the patch sensation is normal and no inflammatory signs. Problem with the melanin production of the affected areas and the reason for affecting only certain areas still not explained. This disease has poor medical compliance and the influence of the normal life of the affected patients is harsh. This survey was done based on Siddha quotation, mentioned in the Siddha text book Materia Medica written by Murugesamuthaliyar. This is a Single Blind Case Control Observational Comparative Clinical Trial to determine the effectiveness of an external administration of ointment which was prepared by root powder of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Patients were collected from Outdoor patient division (OPD), General hospital Trincomalee under supervision of Dermatologist, General Hospital, Trincomalee. Same patient was selected as test and control.........

Keywords: ...............

[1]. Abraham, R. P., 2015. Myths and Facts about Vitiligo: An Epidemiological Study. Pharmacutical sciences, pp. 8-13.
[2]. Amanda, O., 1990. Vitiligo, How Long Does It Take to Spread. [Online]
[3]. Available at: .( http://woundcaresociety.org/vitiligo-how-long-does-it-take-to-spread)
[4]. [Accessed 9 August 2015].
[5]. Anon., 2004. Emulsifying Ointment BP. [Online]

Industrial development always remains a thrust area in the Government agenda. Government's endeavour is to provide efficient and cost effective infrastructure, skilled human resources, stable environment and good governance which are the pre-requisites for creating a proper investment environment for sustainable industrial growth. state govt, formulated a comprehensive set of incentives for the development of these industries in the state in tune with the central policy. As a part of the national policy the scheme of District Industries centres was launched throughout the state. Consequent upon the different policy initiatives taken during the fifth and sixth plan and in subsequent plans, some progress was made in the industrial development. The number of small scale units went to 35592 in 1994-95 from 2203 units in 1973-74 and the employment in Small Scale Industries, to 154692 from 16752 persons during the some period . There has been a sufficient growth in handicraft and handloom sector as well, however, in silk industry the state has lost its past glory.

Keywords: .............

[1]. Hussain, Majid. Geography of Jammu and Kashmir. Rawat Publications Jaipur 2001 reprint 2010.
[2]. Hussain Majid. Geography of Jammu and Kashmir 1998.
[3]. Gulshan Rashid and Mohammed Yaseen Geography of Jammu and Kashmir 2000.
[4]. Singh Gopal Map work and Practical Geography, Vikas Publishing House, Noida 2008.
[5]. Singh Jasbir Economic geography of Jammu and Kashmir2011).

Siddha system of medicine is one of the component of AYUSH systems in India. The system of medicine is a traditional system more popular among the people of Southern states of India, particularly in Tamilnadu. Based on the principles of Iymboothangal (Five elements), Aarusuvaigal (Six tastes), Mutthathukkal (Three life forces), the system solves various health issues of the human kind. Though the sources of the drugs are of three types (plants, minerals and animal origin), most of the preparations or medicines are plant based. The drugs are administered as medicines in thirty two forms as Internal Medicines and thirty two forms as External Medicines which are described in Siddha literatures..........

Keywords: Punica granatum, Pomegranate, Madhulai, Medicinal uses, Siddha system of medicine

[1]. Murugesan, K.S. Gunapadam – Mooligai Vaguppu, 4th edition, 1988, Dept of Indian Medicine & Homeopathy, Chennai. 587-589; 658 - 660

[2]. Nadkarni K.M., Indian Materia Medica, Vol.1, 3rd edition, 2005, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1631-1635.
[3]. Debjit Bhowmik, Harish Gopinath, B. Pragati Kumar, S.Duraivel, et al., Medicinal Uses of Punica granatum and Its Health Benefits, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2013, Vol. 1 Issue 5, Part A, 28 – 35.

[4]. Rahimi HR, Arastoo M, Ostad SN. A Comprehensive Review of Punicagranatum (Pomegranate) Properties in Toxicological, Pharmacological, Cellular and Molecular Biology Researches. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR. 2012;11(2):385-400.

Azotobacter vinelandii is one of the preferred microorganism for the production of alginate owing to its non-pathogenicity. Alginates are versatile having applications. Bacterial alginates would be the choicest product as compared to seaweed alginate because of its ease in production and maintenance of quality. Seaweed alginate quality cannot be maintained because of seasonal variations and other geographical factors. Studies have been carried out to improve the yield and quality of alginate by using U.V. mutagenised cultures. Improvement in yield has been observed as compared to the non-mutagenised cultures. Maximum production of alginate (4.17±0.08 g/l) was shown by the culture exposed to U.V. radiations at 254 nm for 10 min as compared to unexposed culture ( 3.50±0.08 g/l) which was determined by its extraction and dry weight measurements. Presence of its components (mannuronic and guluronic acid ) were confirmed by FTIR analysis , and its ratio was determined by carbazole reagent (Knutson and Jeans method) which was found to be ranging in between 0.85 to 1.1.

Keywords: Alginate, Azotobacter vinelandii, carbazole, FTIR, U.V. mutagenesis.

[1]. P Gacesa, Bacterial alginate biosynthesis, recent progress and future prospects. Microbiology,144, 1998, 1133–1143.
[2]. Z.A.Bhatt, I.U.Haq, M.A.Qadeer, Alginate production by a mutant strain of Azotobacter vinelandii using shake flask fermentation, Pak. J. Bot.,43(2), 2011, 1053-1067.
[3]. I.A.Brownlee, A.Allen, J.P.Pearson. Alginate as a source of dietary fiber. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 45, 2005, 497–510.
[4]. P.A.J.Gorin, J.F.T. Spencer. Exocellular alginic acid from Azotobacter vinelandii. Can.J. Chem., 44,1966, 993-998.
[5]. E.Galindo,C.Pen˜a,C.Nu´n˜ez,D.Segura,G.Espı´n. Molecular and bioengineering strategies to improve alginate and polydydroxyalkanoate production by Azotobacter vinelandii.Microb Cell Fact,7,2007, 1–16.

Light microscopic study shows nuclear opacification and lysis, cortical degeneration and thickening, fibre fragmentation with partial dissolutions of the lenticular tissue, subcapsular degeneration, cell separations, dissolution and lens tissues with anteroposterior thickening in subcapsular cataract lens when compared with normal lens. In Scanning electron microscopic study cataractous lenses shows lamellated band of lens fibres of different density, disarranged and degenerated lens fibres with vesicles or globules, cortical rupture, large opacities or lesions, uneven cloudiness in the subcapsular region, necrosis, the swelling of the broken ends (asterisks),the porosity and granulation of the lens fibres and vacuoles or vesicles fused together in the form of spherical bodies or balloon like appearance when compared with the normal lens.

Keywords: Hypertensive cataractous lens, diabetic cataract lens,Histomorphology, Light microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy,

[1]. Culling CFA (1985).Cellular pathology technique - 4th edition Butterworth & Co. (publishers) Ltd.
[2]. Dorairaj SJ., Vatsala V., Vijaya Kumar J., Kesavai R., Sucheethr, DS., Vijayasree S (2002). Morphology and histology of human cataract lens. J Anat. Soc. India.;51(1): 14-17.
[3]. Eshaghian J., Streeten BW. (1980). Human posterior subcapsular cataract- An ultrastructural study of posterior migratory cell.Arch opthalmol.; 98(1): 134-143.
[4]. Glauert AM (1974). Practical methods in electron microscopy- Volume-3.North-Holland publishing company- Amsterdam- Oxford American Elsevier Publishing co; INC.- New York.
[5]. Kalariya N., RawalUM.,Vasavada AR (1998). Human lens epithelial layer in cortical cataract.In J Opthalmol.46(3): 159-162.

Intestinal disorders are very common gastrointestinal diseases. Many medicinal plants possessed anti-diarrhoeal, laxative and beneficial effect in colitis, by many mechanisms. The current review was designed to cover the medicinal plants showed beneficial effects in the treatment of intestinal disorders.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Anti-diarrhoeal, Diarrhoea, Laxative, Constipation Colitis.

[1]. WHO. Diarrhoeal diseases control programme: interim programme report 1988 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/126857/1/sea_achr_15_inf.9.Pdf

[2]. Atta AH and Mouneir SM. Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 92(2-3):303-309.
[3]. Mani M, Sachan N, Tandon A and Wahi AK. Anti-diarrhoeal activity of methanolic extract of root bark of Ailanthus altissma ( family : simaroubaceae) on experimental animals. IJPSR 2010; 1(12): 197-202.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. The pharmacological importance of Ailanthus altissiman- A review. International Journal of Pharmacy Review and Research 2015; 5(2):121-129.
[5]. Atta AH and Mouneir SM. Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2004; 92(2-3): 303-309.

Antiurolithiatic drugs are the drugs which dissolve or prevent the formation of urinary calculi, while diuretics are drugs which increase the volume of urine excreted. Several medicinal plants can inhibit urolithiasis by many mechanisms: maintains crystalloid-colloid balance by decreasing excretion of urinary calcium, oxalate, uric acid, phosphorus and protein in urolithiasis, improves the renal function by increasing the excretion of urea and creatinine, diuretic and ACE inhibition activity. On the other hand many drugs can produce diuretic effect via their effects on renal water channels, on renal carriers, on nitric oxide-cGMP pathway, on prostaglandin-cAMP pathway, on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), on the kinin–kallikrein system (KKS), s on carbonic anhydrase and osmotic effects on kidneys. The current review will discuss the medicinal plants with antiurolithiatic and diuretic effects and their potential in the treatment of urinary stone.

Keywords: Diuretic, Antiurolithiatic Medicinal Plants, Pharmacology

[1]. Smith DR, Tanagho EA and McAninch JW. Smith's general urology. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill 2008.
[2]. Shukla AK. et al. A review on anti-urolithiatic activity of herbal folk plants. Asian Journal of Biomaterial Research 2017; 3(2):1-11.
[3]. Karadi RV, Gadgeb NB, Alagawadi KR and Savadi RV. Effect of Moringa oleifera L. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105: 306-311.
[4]. Divakar K, Pawar AT, Chandrasekhar SB, Dighe SB and Divakar G; Protective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia roots against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 1013-1018.
[5]. Selvam R, Kalaiselvi P, Govindaraj A, Murugan VM and Satish Kumar AS, Effect of A. lanata leaf extract and Vediuppu chunnam on the urinary risk factors of calcium oxalate urolithiasis during experimental hyperoxaluria. Pharmacology Res 2001; 43: 89-93.

Pain is an undesirable mental and emotional experience that is associated with damage of tissue. While, fever is a secondary impact of infection, tissue damage, inflammation, graft rejection, malignancy or other diseased states. The current review highlighted the medicinal plants possessed analgesic and antipyretic effects with special focus on their mode of action.

Keywords: Medicinal plants , Analgesic , Antipyretic, Pain, Fever, Mechanism.

[1]. Bonica JJ. The need of a taxonomy. Pain 1979; 6(3): 247-248.
[2]. -Rafieian-Kopaei M, Ghobadi S and Nasri H. The protective effect of garlic extract on diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2013; 31(248): 1267-1269.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of plants with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity (part 1). Int J of Pharmacy 2015; 5(3): 125-147.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants possessed anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic activities (part 2)- plant based review. Sch Acad J Pharm 2016; 5(5): 142-158.
[5]. Ghahhari J, Vaezi G, Shariatifar N, Zendehdel Kh M. The study of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphora tenuior on visceral pain with writhing test in mice. Horizon Med Sci 2009; 15(3): 24-29.