Pragmatics studies the way language is used, the choices that the speakers have to make when constrained by socio-cultural context of a given language situation and the effect that using language in a particular way has on the interlocutor. The aim of this study was to describe the request patterns used in Gichuka social events. Requests are an integral part of everyday interaction and their formulation varies from culture to culture and from one occasion to another. The requests patterns were described following the Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Pattern (CCSARP) project by Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper. The study utilized the descriptive research design to study social events conducted in Gichuka.............

Keywords: Pragmatics, Request Patterns, Communicative Events.

[1]. Alireja, J. (2009). Request Strategies: A cross-Cultural Study of Iranian EFL Learners & Austrarian Native Speaker. Journal of English Language Teaching., 1, 63-75.
[2]. Austin, J. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. New York: Routledge.
[3]. Black, K. (2010). Business Statistics: Contemporary Decision Making (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
[4]. Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and Apologies: A Cross Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns. (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, Vol. 5, 196-213.
[5]. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. (N. J. Norwood, Ed.) Alblex Publishing Corporation.

The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a novel RP-HPLC method for determination of Atomoxetine hydrochloride (ATX) in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation was conducted on Shimadzu-2010 with the quaternary pump, Symmetry-C8 column (4.6 mm I'd. X 150 mm, 5 μm particle sizes) and with photodiode array detector. Mobile phase consisted of Buffer and Methanol were mixed in the ratio of 40:60 v/v, was used at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength was set at 271 nm. The retention time for ATX was found to be 3.20 min. The calibration was linear (r2= 1) in the concentration range of 15 to 105 μg/ml. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were found to be 0.595 μg/ml and 1.805 μg/ml respectively. Recovery of ATX in tablet formulation was observed in the range of 99.25 - 100.91 %. Percentage assay of ATX was found to be 99.69 % w/w. Thus the novel proposed method for ATX was found to be feasible for the estimation of ATX in bulk as well as a pharmaceutical dosage form.

Keywords: Atomoxetine hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, Validation, ICH guidelines.

[1]. Ring, Jennifer S. Gillespie, James A. Eckstein and Steven A. Wrighton, Identification of the human chytochromes p450 responsible for atomoxetine metabolism, Drug metabolism and disposition, 30 (3), 2002, 319-323.
[2]. Raghu Babu K, Shanti Swarup L, Kalayana Ramu B, Rao M,N, Ramdas C, Simple and convenient visible spectrophotometric assay of atomoxetine hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical preparations, Int, J.Chem. Sci, 10 (2), 2012, 643-654.
[3]. Wei Guo, Wenbaiao Li, Guixin Guo, Jun Zhang, Beilei Zhou, Yimin Zhai, Chuanyue Wang, Determination of atomoxetine in human plasma by a high performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection using liquid-liquid extraction, Journal of Chromatography B, 854 (1-2), 2007, 128-134.
[4]. Hetal R Prajapathi, Paras N Raveshiya, Bhavesh B Jadav, Divyesh M Mahakal, Development and validation of high performance thin layer chromatographic method for determination of atomoxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms, Der Pharma Chemica, 4 (1),2012, 194-201.

Geum urbanum contained phenolic compounds (gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic acids and eugenol), vicianose sugar, carotenoids, flavonoids, tannins (10.5%), volatile oil and sesquiterpene lactone (cnicin). It possessed many pharmacological activities included antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, Parkinsonian, hypotesive and many other effects. The current review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Geum urbanum.

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 1). Int J of Pharmacology & Toxicology 2015; 5(3): 177-192.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(8): 52-75.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE, Talab TA and Majid WJ. Medicinal plants with central nervous activity - An overview (Part 1). IOSR Journal of pharmacy 2019, 9(3): 52-102.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of plants with cardiovascular effects (part 1). Int J of Pharmacology & Toxicology 2015; 5(3): 163-176. [5]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with cardiovascular effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(7): 43-62.

Glossostemon bruguieri contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, sterols and or triterpenoides, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate or glycosides, proteins and amino acids. It possessed many pharmacological activities included antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, antiproliferative, diuretic, acaricidal and many other effects. The current review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Glossostemon bruguieri

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 1). Int J of Pharmacology & Toxicology 2015; 5(3): 177-192.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(8): 52-75.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE, Talab TA and Majid WJ. Medicinal plants with central nervous activity - An overview (Part 1). IOSR Journal of pharmacy 2019, 9(3): 52-102.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of plants with cardiovascular effects (part 1). Int J of Pharmacology & Toxicology 2015; 5(3): 163-176. [5]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with cardiovascular effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(7): 43-62.

The phytochemical screening of Gnaphalium luteoalbum revealed that the plant contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glucoside resins, phytosterins, terpenoids and fixed oils. Pharmacoloical studies showed that Gnaphalium luteoalbum possessed antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant anti- inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. The current review highlighted the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Gnaphalium luteoalbum.

Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Gnaphalium luteoalbum

[1]. Al Snafi AE, Al-Fartosi KG and Al-Yasiry ZQ. Study the effect of PG E1 and PGF2α on male rat reproductive functions. Immun Endoc & Metab Agents in Med Chem 2018; 18: 1-4.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Glycyrrhiza glabra: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018;8(6): 1-17.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic importance of Hyoscyamus species grown in Iraq (Hyoscyamus albus, Hyoscyamus niger and Hyoscyamus reticulates)- A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(6): 18-32.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Pharmacological and therapeutic activities of Hedera helix- A review IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(5): 41-53.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. Pharmacological importance of Haplophyllum species grown in Iraq- A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018;8(5): 54-62.

Stroke is defined as a sudden nonconvulsive, focal neurological deficit persisting for >24 hours. There are two main types of stroke: i) Ischemic stroke ii) Hemorrhagic stroke.Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only licensed treatment for acute ischaemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA stroke study found that, despite an increase in the symptomatic haemorrhage rate, patients treated with rt-PA had a 13% absolute increase in favourable outcome. Despite the US Food and Drug Administration's approval in1996, tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) therapy for acute ischemic stroke remains substantially underused.............

Keywords: Stroke, Cerebral infarction, Thrombolytic therapy, Tissue plasminogen activator

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[4]. Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Paulin Sudhan,Stroke Epidemiology And Stroke Services In India, Journal of Stroke 15(3):128-134, 2013

[5]. Hossmann , Pathophysiology and Therapy of Experimental Stroke, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 26. 1057-1083, 2006

The urinary tract infection symptoms like urgency, nocturia, and dysuria are common. The anticholinergic drugs like Flavoxate and Oxybutinin produce beneficial symptomatic relief. These have adverse effect like dry mouth. This will effect patient compliance. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride has topical antiseptic action along the mucosal lining of urinary tract. It relieves the irritable symptoms in urinary tract infections. It is given along with antibiotics. It decreases pain before antibiotics comes in to action. It does not have anticholinergic effects like dryness of mouth.

[1]. Guralnick ML, O'Connor RC, See WA. Assessment and management of irritative voiding symptoms. Med Clin North Am 2011;95(1):121-7.
[2]. Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Milsom I, Irwin D, Kopp ZS, et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int 2009;104(3):352-60.
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Introduction: Coronary disease is the major complication and leading cause of death among patients with diabetes mellitus. Hyperlipidemia is common in patients with diabetes mellitus and the high frequency of coronary disease in diabetics is partly a consequence of the abnormalities of lipid metabolism. Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug with concomitant antiplatelet effects. The efficacy and safety of policosanol have been investigated in clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance, included diabetic patients. Policosanol is very safe and no drug-related adverse events have been demonstrated, even in population subsets with high consumption of concomitant therapy, indicating that the potential risk of drug-drug interaction (DDI) for policosanol is low. This background supported to assess the potential interaction between policosanol and oral hypoglycemic drugs from the analysis of the data of the long-term prevention study with policosanol in the diabetic elderly...........

Key words: policosanol, diabetic, elderly, hypercholesterolemia, oral hypoglycemic, drug interactions

[1]. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 133:e38-e46.
[2]. Paneni F, Beckman JA, Creager MA, Cosentino F. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part I. Eur Heart J 2013; 34(3):2436-2443.
[3]. Maahs DM, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, Dichek HL, Flynn J, Goldstein BI, Kelly AS, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 130(17):1532-1558.
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SDEDDS are poly dispersed systems where the dispersed phase contains the droplets of the continuous phase. These double emulsions are of two types: W/O/W types multiple emulsions and O/W/O types multiple emulsions. Pantoprazole sodium is a new orally effective proton pump inhibitor agent, highly water soluble drug, is formulated into SDEDDS, which enhances permeability of the drug and produce the sustained release. Liquid SDEDDS formulations were prepared using hydrophilic surfactants Tween80, W/O Emulsion, water and subjected to further evaluation parameter. From the prepared liquid SDEDDS Three optimized Pantoprazole sodium SDEDDS formulations 4:6, 5:5 and 6:4 are selected and evaluated the viscosity and microscopic characterization, high loading drug and emulsification time. With future development of this technology, SDEDDSs will continue to enable novel applications in drug delivery and solve problems associated with the delivery of highly soluble drugs..........

Keyword: microspheres, emulsions, vegetable oil, excipients.

[1]. YounYS,ImprovedintestinaldeliveryofsalmoncalcitoninbyLys18-aminospecificPEGylation:stability, permeability,pharmacokineticbehaviorandinvivohypocalcemicefficacy,JContr.Release114,

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