INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as any abnormality in kidney structure or function present for three months or longer, with implication for health. Anemia is a common consequence of CKD accompanying decline in renal function. The major risk factors of CKD are increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, obesity, gender and family history. OBJECTIVE: To assess the proportion of anemia and risk factors associated with CKD and the level of knowledge of patients with CKD using KAP questionnaire. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A written informed consent as taken from 87 patients with CKD satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For this study patient's haemoglobin levels (below 11.5g/dl considered anemic) and the common risk factors for CKD will be assessed. Knowledge of patients will be assessed using KAP questionnaire. Proper counselling will be given to the patients and caregivers and the score will be collected before and after counselling............

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The upswing of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an intricate and severe health subjectat the
present time as voluminous of microbial strains had turn out to be resistant to obtainable antibiotics. For discovery of new compoundsPyridine derivatives are chosen as they are well known for their wide range of biological activities.The synthesis of novel pyridine derivatives containing substituted Aryl- alkoxy group and sulfonyl group was done by multi step and multicomponent reactions in good yields. Since the activity of antibacterial drugs depends upon its concentration in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)[2-5].The objective of this study was to
evaluate antibacterial activity i.e. MIC[6] value of newly designed pyridinederivatives to serve the humanity.

Key words: Multi-component reactions, Pyridine derivative, antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration.

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Medicinal plant possessed antifungal effects by many mechanisms, they caused membrane disturbance resulting in the loss of membrane integrity, inhibited DNA transcription and reduced the cell populations, inhibited the activity of fungal antioxidant enzymes and inhibited fungal biofilm formation[6-14]. The current review discussed the antifungal effects of medicinal plants.

Key words: medicinal plant, pharmacology, antifungal

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. Molecular mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect of natural flavonoids against human pathogens. In: Recent advances in the molecular mechanism of flavonoids. Edited by K. Pandima Devi, Studium press, India, 2018.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antibacterial activity (part 1). International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2015; 6(3): 137-158. [3]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities (part 2): Plant based review. Sch Acad J Pharm 2016; 5(6): 208-239.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Antimicrobial effects of medicinal plants (part 3): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(10): 67-92.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of plants with antifungal activity (part 1). Int J of Pharm Rev & Res 2015; 5(3):321-327.

Several phytochemicals exhibited high level of antiviral activity[1-5]. Medicinal plant possessed antiviral activity via many mechanisms included inhibition of viral replication, inhibition of the assembly of intracellular infectious virus particles, inhibition of viral infectivity, inhibition of RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, viral neuraminidase, protease, reverse transcriptase and viral protein expression and many other mechanisms[6-12]. The current review discuss the medicinal plants with antiviral activity with their mechanisms of action.

Key words: Medicinal plant, pharmacology, antiviral

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. Molecular mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect of natural flavonoids against human pathogens. In: Recent advances in the molecular mechanism of flavonoids. Edited by K. Pandima Devi, Studium Press, India, 2018.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antibacterial activity (part 1). International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2015; 6(3): 137-158. [3]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities (part 2): Plant based review. Sch Acad J Pharm 2016; 5(6): 208-239.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Antimicrobial effects of medicinal plants (part 3): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(10): 67-92.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antiviral activity (part 1). International Journal of Pharmacological Screening Methods 2015; 5(2): 72-79

Molecular docking is a kind of bioinformatic modelling which involves the interaction of two or more molecules to give the stable adduct. Depending upon binding properties of ligand and target, it predicts the three-dimensional structure of any complex. Molecular docking generates different possible adduct structures that are ranked and grouped together using scoring function in the software. Docking simulations predict optimized docked conformer based upon total energy of the system. In spite of all potential approaches, ligand chemistry (tautomerism and ionization), receptor flexibility (single conformation of rigid receptor) and scoring function (differentiate true binding mode) still remained the challenge. Many important aspects of molecular docking in terms of its approaches, types, applications and challenges are briefly discussed in this article.

Key words: Docking, Ligand, Receptor

[1]. Rohs R, Bloch I, Sklenar H, Shakked Z (2005) Molecular flexibility in ab-initio drug docking to DNA: binding-site and binding-mode transitions in all-atom Monte Carlo simulations. Nucl Acids Res 33: 7048-7057.

[2]. Guedes IA, de Magalhães CS, Dardenne LE (2014) Receptor-ligand molecular docking. Biophysical Reviews 6: 75-87.

[3]. Agarwal S, Chadha D, Mehrotra R (2015) Molecular modeling and spectroscopic studies of semustine binding with DNA and its comparison with lomustine–DNA adduct formation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 33: 1653-1668.

[4]. Seeliger D, de Groot BL (2010) Ligand docking and binding site analysis with PyMOL and Autodock/Vina. J Comput Aided Mol Des 24: 417-422.

[5]. Shoichet BK, McGovern SL, Wei B, Irwin JJ (2002) Lead discovery using molecular docking. Curr Opin Chem Biol 6: 439-446.

Lycopus europaeus was used traditionally to cure coughs, respiratory disorders and as a natural remedy for sleeplessness. It was also used as a natural treatment for hyperthyroidism and for some symptoms of Grave's disease, such as palpitations. It was also used in vascular excitement; hemorrhage, in small amounts, resulting from determination of blood to the lungs, kidneys, or gastro-intestinal organs; albuminuria, with frequent pulse; cough, with copious expectoration of mucus or muco-pus, especially debilitating chronic cough; wakefullness and morbid vigilance, with inordinately active circulation. Lycopus europaeus contained alkaloids, coumarin, tannic acid, phenolic compounds, flavonoids...........

Key words: Lycopus europaeus, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic effects, side effects

[1]. Al-Snafi AE, Talab TA and Majid WJ. Medicinal plants with central nervous activity - An overview (Part 1). IOSR Journal of pharmacy 2019, 9(3): 52-102.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants possessed antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects (part 3)- A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2017; 7(4): 48-62.
[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Arabian medicinal plants affected female fertility- plant based review (part 1). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(7): 46-62.
[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Arabian medicinal plants affected male fertility- plant based review (part 1). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(7): 63-76.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. Arabian medicinal plants possessed gastroprotective effects- plant based review (part 1). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2018; 8(7): 77-95.