A highly sensitive, precise and accurate LC-MS/MS method is developed and validated for the determination of Dapagliflozin in tablet formulation. Chromatographic separation was carried out on Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (2.1×100 mm, 2.7 μm) column. Isocratic elution was based on 5mMammonium acetate: acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) as mobile phase, column temperature at 35°C and flow rate at 0.2 mL min-1 were utilized. The mass spectrometer was operated under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electrospray ionization by monitoring the transition pair (precursor to product ion) of m/z 426.20-107.20 in the positive mode. The method was found linear in the concentration range of 25-500 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 6.83 ng/mL and 20.70 ng/mL respectively. The optimized method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The developed method was found suitable for the quantitation of dapagliflozin in tablet dosage form.

Key Words: Dapagliflozin, LC-MS/MS,Validation, Assay, Spectroscopy.

[1]. E.M. Vivian, Dapagliflozin: a new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for treatment of type 2 diabetes, Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm,72(5), 2015,361-372.
[2]. C.J. Bailey,J.L. Gross, A. Pieters, A. Bastein and A.F. List, Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,Lancet, 375(9733),2010, 2223-2233.
[3]. J. Debata, S. Kumar,S.K.Jha and A. Khan, A new RP-HPLC method development and validation of dapagliflozin in bulk and tablet dosage form,Int. J. Drug. Dev.& Res. 9(2), 2017,48-51.
[4]. G.V. Mante,A.T. Hemke and M.J. Umekar, RP-HPLC method for estimation of dapagliflozin from its tablet,Int. J. ChemTech. Res, 11(1),2018, 242-248.
[5]. M.V. Verma, C.J. Patel andM.M. Patel, Development and stability indicating HPLC method for dapagliflozin in API and pharmaceutical dosage form,Int. J. App. Pharm,9(5),2017, 33-41.

Alhagi maurorum (Family: Fabaceae) contained many bioactive metabolites including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, fatty acids, coumarins, glycosides, sterols, steroids, resins, vitamins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, unsaturated sterols and triterpenes. It possessed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, diuretic, dermatological and many other effects. This study was carried out to investigate the antifungal effect of Alhagi maurorum phenolic extract against Alternaria alternata, Candida albicans, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The extract possessed antifungal activity against all the tested fungi. The least MIC was recorded against Trichophyton mentagrophytes which was l.5 μg/ml, while the highest MIC was recorded against Cladosporium cladosporoides which was 6.2 μg/ml.

Key words: antifungal, Alhagi maurorum, phenolic extract

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[2]. Bolus L. Medicinal Plants of North Africa. Cairo, Egypt, Reference Publications Inc. 1983:368.
[3]. Kamil M, Ahmad F, Jairaj AF, Gunasekar C, Thomas S, Chen K and Attas A. Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical studies on aerial parts of Alhagi maurorum Medik. Hamdard Medicus 2001; XL1V(3): 57-71.
[4]. Kamil M, Ahmad F, Jairaj AF, Gunasekar C, Thomas S, Chen K and Attas A. Quality control protocols for Alhagi maurorum 48th Annual Meeting of Soc. For medicinal Plants Res. Natural Product Research in New Millenium. Zurich, Switzerland, 2000, 4-A/13.
[5]. Awaad Amani AS, Maitland DJ and Solim GA. Antiulcerogenic activity of Alhagi maurorum. Pharmaceutical Biology 2006; 44(4): 292-296.

The phytochemical analysis of Lippia nodiflora showed that the plant contained flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinols, quinol glucosides, steroids, phenylpropanoids, resin, volatiles, tannins and phenolics. Lippia nodiflora possessed diuretic, antihyperuricemic, antiurolithiatic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-diarrhoeal, anticancer, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antimelanogenic, hair growth enhancement and antidandruff effects. This review discussed the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Lippia nodiflora.

Key words: Lippia nodiflora, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic

[1]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(8): 52-75.
[2]. Al-Snafi AE, Talab TA and Majid WJ. Medicinal plants with central nervous activity - An overview (Part 1). IOSR Journal of pharmacy 2019, 9(3): 52-102.

[3]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with cardiovascular effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(7): 43-62.

[4]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases - A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2017; 7(4): 103-163.
[5]. Al-Snafi AE. Medicinal plants with antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects (part 2): plant based review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2016; 6(7): 62-82.

In this study, online databases including Web Science, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct, were searched for papers studied the hepatoprotective effects of medicinal plants against carbon tetrachloride, D-galactosamine (D-GalN), D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/ lipopolysaccharide (LPS), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), oxytetracyclin thioacetamide (TAA), nitrosodiethylamine, paracetamol, rifampin, INH, aflatoxins, iron-overload and oxidative stress induced hepatotoxicity and against hepatic cancer induced chemically.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Hepatoprotective, Therapeutic, Pharmaceutical

[1]. Domitrovic R and Potocnjak I. A comprehensive overview of hepatoprotective natural compounds: mechanism of action and clinical perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2015; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282044038
[2]. Tai M, Zhang J, Song S et al., Protective effects of luteolin against acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2015;271:164–170.
[3]. Domitrovic R, Jakovac H, Grebic D, Milin C, Radosevic-Stasic B. Dose- and time-dependent effects of luteolin on liver metallothioneins and metals in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;126:176–185.
[4]. Domitrovic R, Jakovac H, Milin C, Radosevic-Stasic B. Doseand time-dependent effects of luteolin on carbon tetrachlorideinduced hepatotoxicity in mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2009; 61:581–589.
[5]. Domitrovic R, Jakovac H, Tomac J, Sain I.Liver fibrosis in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride and its reversion by luteolin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 241:311–321.

Investigations were conducted to determine the identity and sensitivity patterns of microorganisms isolated from wounds of diabetic patients to the selected medicinal plants. The efficacy of the plants was compared with standard antibiotics/ antifungal agents using agar well diffusion method. Ethanol, n- Hexane, cold water and hot water were used as solvents for the extraction at different concentrations. Bacteria isolated from the wound swabs include; Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratiamarcescens,Salmonella typhil, Shigellaflexineri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenesand Pseudomonas Putidae, and fungal isolates viz; Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis,Neurosporacrassaand Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aeruginosawere the most frequently encountered bacteria, whereas Candida dubliniensis and Candida.........

Key words: Antimicrobial, Antibiotics/ Antifungal, Jatrophacurcas, Nicotianatabacum, Phytochemical, Antimicrobial Sensitivity and Sensitivity.

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[4]. Bakht, J., Azra, A. and Shafi, M. Antimicrobial activity of Nicotianatabacum using different solvents Extracts. Pak J Bot. 2012; 44: 459-63.
[5]. Bergey, D.H., Harrison, F.C., Breed, R.S., Hammer, B.W., Hunton, F.C., 1994. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9thedn. The Williams and Wilkins Co-publishers, Baltmore.