August - 2020 (Volume-10 ~ Issue-8 ~ Series-1)

Paper Type

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Research Paper

Title

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Diabetes Mellitus: Its Cardiovascular Complications and Mechanism Involved

Country

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India

Authors

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Yogeshwary Bhongade || Shubham Gharat || Vidya Shirsath || Ashish Ther || Maheshwari Bhongade

Page No.

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01-13

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease and currently cardiovascular complications in the diabetes are the leading cause of death in the worldwide. The macro-vascular and micro- vascular complications are observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic individuals which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in all the diabetic population. This review is based on type of diabetes mellitus, causes, pathophysiology involved in the diabetes mellitus and in cardiovascular complications, treatment and prevention strategies involved in diabetes mellitus.

 

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, WHO Classification, Epidemiology, Mechanism of Cardiovascular complications, Treatment.

[1]. Report of a WHO consultation: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. World Health Organization department of noncommunicable disease surveillance, Geneva; 1999: 7-21.
[2]. Mekala K, Bertoni A. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Transplantation, Bioengineering, and Regeneration of the Endocrine Pancreas. Academic Press 2020; 1:49-58.
[3]. Lofty M, Huba K, Singh J, Adeghate E. Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: A mini review. Bentham Science 2017; 13: 3-10.
[4]. Kaveeshwar S, Cornwall J. The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. AMJ 2014; 7: 45–8.
[5]. Adapa D, Sarandi T. A Review On Diabetes Mellitus: Complications, Management and treatment Modalities. RRJMHS 2015; 4(3): 1-18.

 

Paper Type

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Research Paper

Title

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Antimicrobial Activity of Moringa Oleifera Seed On Beta-Lactam Resistant Bacteria

Country

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Nigeria

Authors

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Zakari, A.D || Bello, K.E || Akoh, P.Q || Musa, A.O || Adejo,P.O || Osazuwa, C.O || Oluyele, O

Page No.

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14-22

The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of aqueous methanolic extracts of Moringaoleifera seeds and leaves was examined against some beta lactam resistant bacteria ( E. coli, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus). The antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts was evaluated by the zone of inhibitions. Bioassay was also used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the leaf and seed extracts. Seed extracts at 1000μg/ml has the highest activity against Salmonella spp(20mm), Shigellaspp(16mm), E.coli(24mm) and Staphylococcus aureus(19mm).The LD50 of both the seed extracts at P≤0.05. Toxicity increases as the concentration increases. The high antimicrobial activity of the extracts and its inherent low cytotoxic effect makes Moringaoleifera a substitute to the Beta lactam resistance menace.

 

Keywords: Moringaoleifera, Beta lactam resistance, Cytotoxicity, Antibiotics, Antimicrobials.

[1]. Adebayo, J.O., Krettli, A.U. (2011). Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133:289-302.
[2]. Arogba, S.S. and Omede,A. (2012). Comparative Antioxidant Activity of processed Mango and Bush Mango Kernel. Nigeria Food Journal. 30(2):17-21.
[3]. Arogba, S.S. (2014). Phenolic, Anti-Medical assay and Cytotoxicity of preserved Mango and Bush mango kernel.Journal of Nigeria.Institute of food science and technology. 32: (11) 62-72
[4]. Chuang, P., Lee, C., Chou, J., Murugan, M., Shieh, B., Chen, H. (2007). Antifungal activity of crude extracts and essential oil of Moringaoleifera Lam. Bioresource Technology, 98:232-236.
[5]. Duraipandiyan, Ayyanar, V. M., Ignacimuthu, S. (2005). Asian Journal of Microbiology. 5:334-337.

 

Paper Type

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Research Paper

Title

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Herd immunity an immunity to stop covid-19 spread

Country

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India

Authors

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V.Maruthi

Page No.

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23-26

Heard immunity is referred to the overall level of immunity in a community and is relevant in the control of pandemic diseases. When herd immunity is low, pandemics are likely to occur on introduction of suitable pathogens. The terms herd immunity means that a large proportion of individual in a community are immune to pathogens.

 

Keywords: immunity, resistance, pathogens, community

[1]. Ingraham J.L and Ingraham C.A(2002).Introduction to Mirobiology.Second edition.Thomson Books /Cole
[2]. Hugo W.B and Russell A.D(1998).Pharmaceutical Microbiology.Sixith Edition,Backwell Sciences
[3]. British Pharmacoepia,(1993).London HMSO
[4]. Kokare C.R (2007) Pharmaceutical Microbiology – Experiments and Techniques Second Edition, Career Publications,Nashik India.
[5]. Ketchum P.A (1988).Microbiology-Concepts and Applications.John wiley and Sons,New York.

 

Paper Type

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Research Paper

Title

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A Review: Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions, A Primer For Clinical Pharmacist

Country

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India

Authors

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Chaithanya K.J. || Spurthi B.S. || K.U. Janmita

Page No.

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27-44

Drug-drug interactions(DDI) are one of the commonest causes of medication error, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. Drug interactions represent factors of uncertainty in many therapeutic situations. Drug–drug interactions can cause profound clinical effects, either by reducing therapeutic efficacy or enhancing toxicity of drugs. With an increasing frequency in polypharmacy, DDIs are one of the major causes for drug withdrawal from the market. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. Although DDIs can result in alterations of either drug pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics(PD), or both, it is the pharmacokinetic drug interactions that is clinically significant....

 

Keywords:Drug-drug interaction, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Polypharmacy

[1]. P.E. Ciummo, N.L. Katz, Interactions and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: By understanding the nature of drug-drug interactions, pharmacists can predict and avoid many adverse interactions, American Pharmacy, 35(9), 1995, 41-53.
[2]. www.nihs.go.jp › phar › pdf › DiGlEngFinal011209
[3]. C. Kennedy, L. Brewer, and D. Williams, Drug interactions, Clinical pharmacology, 48(7), 2020, 450-455
[4]. J.R. Gillette, K.S. Pang, Theoretic aspects of pharmacokinetic drug interactions, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 22(5part2), 1977, 623-639.
[5]. L.F. Prescott, Gastric emptying and drug absorption, British journal of clinical pharmacology, (3), 1974, 189-190

 

Paper Type

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Research Paper

Title

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The pecuniary value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Brazil

Country

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Kenya

Authors

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JosesMuthuri Kirigia || Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri || Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata || Newton Gitonga Muthuri

Page No.

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45-51

Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic is causing havoc to human life and economy in Brazil. This study estimated the discounted pecuniary value of human life (TPVHL) losses associated with COVID-19 in Brazil. Materials and Methods: The human capital approach appraised the TPVHL of the 36,044 human lives lost to COVID-19 in Brazil by 7 June 2020. The model was estimated five times. First, with a 3% discount rate and Brazil's life expectancy at birth of 75.1 years. Second, using a 5% discount rate, holding Brazil's life expectancy constant at 75.1 years. Third, utilising a 10% discount rate, maintaining Brazil's life expectancy at 75.1 years. Fourth, with the global average life expectancy at birth of 72 years, holding discount rate constant at 3%. Fifth, applying the world highest average life expectancy at birth of 87.1 years, keeping the 3% discount rate.........

 

Keywords: Brazil; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Value of human life; Gross domestic product.

[1]. Worldometer. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Last updated: June 07, 2020, 04:42 GMT). [Online]. Retrieved from:https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Accessed 7 June 2020.
[2]. International Monetary Fund (IMF). World Economic Outlook Database. [Online].https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/index.aspx. Accessed 19 May 2020.
[3]. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2019. Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century Empowered lives. New York: UNDP; 2019.
[4]. IMF. G-20 surveillance note. COVID-19—Impact and Policy Considerations. G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors' Meetings, April 15, 2020 virtual meeting. Washington, D.C.: IMF; 2020.
[5]. World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 strategy update. Geneva: WHO; 2020a.

 

Paper Type

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Research Paper

Title

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Drug storagetemperature fluctuationsin a Dutch Helicopter Emergency Medical Service

Country

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Netherlands

Authors

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Sebastiaan J.M. Vreeswijk, MD || Rein Ketelaars, MD. || Nico Hoogerwerf, MD, PhD

Page No.

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52-60

Safe use and storage of drugs is essential. Temperature extremes might affect their stability, especially in drugs that require specific storage conditions. Temperature variations have an impact on drugs used in an out-of-hospital setting, with the focus on high temperatures, although its significance is unclear. Our study aims to answer the question whether the drugs used in the Dutch helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) undergo temperature changes according to the outside temperatures.This was achieved by placing four temperature loggers inside drug bags carried by the HEMS-personnel to record the temperature for one year. Mean kinetic temperatures (MKTs) were calculated per day and compared to outside temperatures. We conducted a review of the literature to analyzethe possible impact of temperature changes on drugs.Subsequently, local practicewas reviewed.........

 

Keywords: Drug storage  Emergency medical services  Temperature  Mean kinetic temperature  Maritime climate

[1]. M.C. Peel BLF, T.A. McMahon. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2008(11):1633-44.
[2]. De Winter S, Vanbrabant P, Vi NT, Deng X, Spriet I, Van Schepdael A, et al. Impact of temperature exposure on stability of drugs in a real-world out-of-hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(4):380-7.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.04.018. Epub May 24.
[3]. Kupper TE, Schraut B, Rieke B, Hemmerling AV, Schoffl V, Steffgen J. Drugs and drug administration in extreme environments. J Travel Med. 2006;13(1):35-47.
[4]. Brown LH, Krumperman K, Fullagar CJ. Out-of-hospital medication storage temperatures: a review of the literature and directions for the future. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8(2):200-6.
[5]. Seevers RH, Hoger J, Harber P, Ulrichm DA, Bishara R. The use of mean kinetic temperature (MKT) in the handling, storage, and distribution of temperature sensitive pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical outsourcing. 2009(May-June):12-7.