Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Histological Changes in Human Gallbladder in Pathological Condition Including Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis an Analytical Study
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr JyotiPrakash Pani || Mr Shubham Pandey || Dr Sankarsan Pani || Dr G.N.Geetha || Dr M N Mahendrakar ||, Dr Karuna H. Katti
Page No.	::	1-13
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-034301-13
ANED	::	DOI :05.313/034301013

Present study compares histological changes in the wall of diseased human gall bladder like cholelithiasis&cholecystitis and find out the risk factors for the formation of gall stone in gallbladder. To conduct case control study, 60 normal (control group) human gallbladders & 30 abnormal (case group) samples having cholelithiasis and cholecystitis were obtained and processed. After proper processing, from each sample 3 slides were stained by H&E stain, Combined PAS-AB stain & Sudan Black B stain respectively for routine histochemistry, mucin histochemistry& lipid histochemistry study. Different histological findings were noted in the various layers of gallbladders. Epithelial hyperplasia, dysplasia with erodification of mucosa and sub epithelial haemorrhages was denoted in both cholelithiasis&cholecystitis. On the behalf of statistical evidence, the present study shows both group case and control are highly significant. Sulfomucin is predominant variable for cholelithiasis (P value 0.000) and sailomucin is predominant variable for cholecystitis (P value 0.0065).The Relative Risk of sulfomucin present or not present was 193:1(odd ratio) and the relative risk for sailomucin present or not present in cholecystitis was 105:1(odd ratio).The basic principle in gall stone formation is accumulation of lipids and hyper secretion of acidic mucin particularly sulfomucin. They alter the normal tissue pattern & can induce carcinogenic progression & metastasis. Blockage or inhibition of acid mucin release can prevent gall stone formation or the compounds which regulate sailylation and sulfation might help to inhibit gall stone formation & metastasis. Scope of this research is prevention is better than cure.
Keywords: Acidic mucin, epithelial lipid, immunohistochemistry, neutral mucin, RokitanskyAschoff Sinus

MohanH,Extra Hepatic Biliary Apparatus-Gall bladderin (5th Edition),Text Book of Pathology, 19, 658-664, 2005).
[2.] Carey MC,Pathogenesis of gall stone,Am J. Surg,165, 1993,410-410.
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[5.] IN: Nervous system. Chapter12,Churchill
[6.] Livingston Edinburgh.,38th Edition, 1795-1812, 140,141,1810-1812,144,155-160, 2010).
[7.] FleischnerFG, Sayegh V,Assessment of the size of the liver, Roentgenologic consideration,New England Journal of Medicine,Med 259, 1958,271-274.
[8.] Meilstrup ^J.Imaging atlas of normal gall bladder and its variants. CRC Press (an imprint of Taylor & Francis group) Boca Raton FL].pp.4.ISBN/0-8493-4788-2.
[9.] DifioreSH, Mariano,The digestive system, the accessory digestive organs(7th Edition), Gallbladder Organ‟s section Atlas of Histology, 7, 204-205, 2009).
[10.] SinghIB,Extra hepatic biliary apparatus Gall bladder (5th Edition),Text book of human histology with colour atlas, 16,259-260, 2006.
[11.] ChiardoAJ, Chapman GB andWeinekeK et alThe fine structure of mucosal epithelial cell of a pathological human gallbladder. Anat Rec,12.155, 1966, 579-616.
[12.] ^"Slide5:GallBladder"JaydochistoWeb.University Kankas.http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epith05.htm.Retrieval of on. 2007:06-29.
[13.] Virchow R, Über das,Epithel der Gallenblasé und übereinenintermediarenStoffwechsel des Fettes,Virchows Arch. Abt A PatholAnatfür, И, 1857, 574-578.
[14.] Storey GW, Sheehan HL,An improved method of staining leukocyte granules with Sudan-BlackB, J.Pathol. Bacteriol, 59, 1947, 336-337.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	In vitro studies on the effect of 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cAMP on selected biochemical parameters in Sertoli cells isolated from testis of transgenic mice
Country	::	India
Authors	::	M. Bhaskar
Page No.	::	14-18
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343014-18
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0343014018

The central objective of present study was to know the effect of 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cyclic 3̍ 5̍ adenosine monophosphate (cpt-cAMP: 5000 ng/ml) on selected biochemical parameters in Sertoli cells isolated from testis of mice over-expressing bovine growth hormone. The results indicated that cpt-cAMP treated Sertoli cells isolated from mice over-expressing bGH showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in the levels of total proteins (33.78%), DNA (167.81%), RNA (152.38%) and lactic acid (49.56%) levels as compared to treated normal Sertoli cells over a period of five days. However, surprisingly, cpt-cAMP-induced effects in Sertoli cells isolated from testis of transgenic and normal mice were significantly lower as compared to their respective controls. From the results, it can be concluded that cpt-cAMP-induced changes in selected biochemical variables might indicate reversal effects against GH-regulation of protein synthesis and lactate production. These results provide basic information related to the response of GH against excess levels of second messengers in the regulation of metabolic fate of Sertoli cells.
Keywords: Cpt-cAMP, DNA, Lactic Acid, Pepck-bGH Transgenic Mice, RNA, Sertoli Cells, Total Proteins

[1.] N. Magon, S. Singh, A. Saxena and R. Sahay, Growth hormone in male infertility, Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 15, 2011, 248-249.

[2.] A. Bartke, V. Chandrashekar and R.W. Steger, Effects of growth hormone on neuroendocrine function, Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 56, 1996, 833-842.

[3.] D. Madhukar, and S. Rajender, Hormonal treatment of male infertility: Promises and pitfalls, Journal of Andrology 30, 2009, 95-112.

[4.] S. Kalra, B. Kalra and A. Sharma, Growth hormone improves semen volume, sperm count and motility in men with idiopathic normogonadotropic infertility, Endocrinology Abstracts 16, 2008, 613.

[5.] A. Bartke, E.M. Naar, L. Johnson, M.R. May, M. Cecim, J.S. Yun, and T.E. Wagner, Effects of expression of human or bovine growth hormone genes on sperm production and male reproductive performance in four lines of transgenic mice, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 95, 1992, 109-118.

[6.] M. Bhaskar, In vitro studies on changes in selected biochemical parameters and morphology of Sertoli cells in mice overexpressing bovine growth hormone, IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 3, 2013, 43-48.

[7.] P. Sassoni- Cori, Transcription factors responsive for cAMP, Annual Reviews of Cellular and Developmental Biology 11, 1995, 335-377. [8.] R. Behr, G.F. Weinbauer, cAMP response element modulator (CREM): an essential factor for spermatogenesis in primates? International Journal of Andrology 24, 2001, 126-135.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Steroid Induced Perforation of Gall Bladder-Report Of A Rare Case And Review Of Literature
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Pawan Tiwari , Madhu Tiwari
Page No.	::	19-20
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343019-20
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0343019020

Gall bladder perforation in a serious clinical condition. A definitive diagnosis is contentious before surgery. Perforated gall bladder poses a challenge due to high morbidity & mortality. We discuss a case of an old lady with rheumatoid arthritis, taking steroid, presented with acute abdomen. C.T. scan demonstrated a perforated gall bladder with evidence of gall stones. The patient underwent an emergency cholecystectomy and peritoneal lavage. The history and clinical findings of this patient are reviewed to high-light perforation of gall bladder in relation to steroid therapy.

[1.] Macdonald J.A. Perforation of gall bladder associated with acute cholecystitis: 8 years review of 20 cases. Ann. Surg. 1966, 164(5)849-52.
[2.] Tiemey, Nakeeb A, wongo, et al. Progesterone alters biliary flow dynamics. Ann. Surg. 1999, 229(2)205-9
[3.] Chen Q chitinavis V, Xiao Z, et al. impaired G protein function in gall bladder muscle from progestrone treated guinea pigs. Am. J. physiol. 1998, 274(2pt.1):G283-9.
[4.] Williams PL, warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister LH. Vascular supply of the gall bladder. In: Gray`s text book anatomy. 37th ed. London: churchil livingstone, 1989, p 769.
[5.] Gonsalvers H.J. Spontaneous perforation of gall bladder due to acute noncalculous ulceratibe cholecystitis. J.R. Coll. Surg. Edinb .1979, 24(3):159-61.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Clinical Efficacy Of Ayurveda Treatment On Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr.Bhagyashri Mahavir Khot || Dr.Meenal Dipak Lad || Dr.Arun Jagannath Patil ||Dr.Anil Chindhu Kakad
Page No.	::	21-25
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343021-25
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0343021025

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) also known by the name of stein-leventhal syndrome. Incidence of this condition is growing amongst young women in reproductive age.It is almost ranging between 5.10% of young women coming for infertility, it is now increasingly perceived as disorder of changed life styles and is a rainbow metabolic syndrome Research shows that history of gestational diabetes 40% are cases at PCOS. Death rates amongst PCOS due to diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome s 5:1.4 to normal population, excessive exposure to estrogen unopposed by progesterone could cause greater incidence of malignancies endometrium and breast. Infertility is by far the most common feature due to anovulation, therefore the present study was carried out for clinical evaluation of the efficacy of ayurveda treatment on PCOS. The treatment was conducted for duration of 3 months the response to the treatment was recorded by parameters, the result revealed that PCOS can be cured by successfully by using this ayurvedic regimen

 

KEY WORDS: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome,Endocrine Disturbance, Herbal Compound,Dashmool Decoction, Til Tail,Sahchar Tail, Shatavari Tail.

[1.] Agnivesha & Dridhabala, Charak Samhita – Khand 1 &Chaukhamba Sanskrit Prakashan. 2. Sushrut Samhita - Ayurved Tatwa sandeepika, Chaukhamba Sanskrit prakashan, 3rd edition (1974) commentary
[2.] Anant Damodar Athawale Ayurvediya, Astang Sangraha by Vruddha vagbhatta edited muudranalaya 1980.
[3.] Pandit Paraswankum Shastri, Sharangdhar Samhita – edited Chaukhamba orientatia 3rd edition.
[4.] Nadkarni A.K., Indian meteria media, popular Book Depot, Bombay 1954.
[5.] Bhrahmashankar Shastri, Bhavprakash, Part 1st& 2nd, Chaukhambha sanskrita series, Banaras, 2ndedi. 1949.
[6.] Hemraja Sharma and Y.T. Acharya, Kashyap – Samhita - by Kasyapa edited Publication Nirnaga sagar press, Bombay.
[7.] Vaishya Shaligramji, Bangsen Samhita, Bangasen, 1st
[8.] Ed., Shri venkateshwara Steem Press, Bombay, 1946.
[9.] Jharkhande Ojha, Dhanvantari nighantu – edited and commentrated by publistrer ,Adarsha vidya Niketan B1/96 B.H.U. Assi, Varanasi 221005 1st edition.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Assessment of the Levels of Serum Iron and Magnesium in Sudanese Cigarette Smokers
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Sulafa Ali Abdalla Mudawi || Samia Mahdi Ahmed || Dr Badr Aldeen Hassan Al- Abd
Page No.	::	26-30
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343026-30
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0343026030

Smoking is one of the biggest public health throughout the world. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the effect of cigarette smoking on serum iron and magnesium level; 70 smokers males (aged 18-35 years old), and 30 non smokers males (aged 18-35 years old, as control) were enrolled. Three ml of fasting venous blood were collected from each volunteer, serum obtained and analyzed lorimetrically.Statistical analysis revealed that serum iron was significantly higher in smokers compared to non smokers. Serum iron did not change due to age difference. There was insignificant difference between the mean of serum iron in smokers who smoked ≤15 cigarettes per day compared to those who smoked ≥15 cigarettes per day. No correlation found between iron level and the number of cigarettes per day, also no correlation found between iron level and duration of smoking.Serum magnesium was significantly lower in smokers compared to non smokers. Magnesium level did not change due to age difference. Serum magnesium was significantly decreased in those who smoke more than15 cigarettes per day. A weak negative correlation found between serum magnesium and the number of cigarettes per day, also a weak negative correlation found between serum magnesium and the duration of smoking.

 

KEYWORDS: Cigarette smoking, serum iron, serum magnesium

[1] Shiffman S, Robert S (2007) Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation. Oxford: Health Press Ltd.
[2] Nichter ME, Cartwright (1991) Saving the children for the tobacco industry. Med Anthropol Q 5: 236–256.
[3] John AK (2007) Disorders of acid-base balance. Crit.Care Med 35: 2630-2636.
[4] Provan D (1999) Mechanisms and Management of iron deficiency anaemia. Br J Haematol 105: 19-26.
[5] Beard JL (2001) Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronalfunctioning. J Nutr 131: 568S- 579S
[6] Rude RK, Shils ME.Magnesium. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease.10th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2006:223-247.
[7] El -Zayadi AR (2006) Heavy smoking and liver. World J Gastroenterol 12: 6098-6101.
[8] Balcerzek SP, Bromberg PA (1975) Secondary polycythemia. Semin.Hematol 12: 339-351.
[9] Bacon BR, Britton RS (1990) The pathology of hepatic iron overload: A free radical-mediated process? Hepatology 11: 127-137.
[10] Emrit J, Beaumont C, Trivin F (2001) Iron metabolism, free radicals, and oxidative injury. Biomed. Pharmacother 55: 333-539.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effects Of Policosanol Plus Aspirin Therapy On The Neurological Recovery And Plasma Oxidative Markers Of Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Country	::	Cuba
Authors	::	Dr. Javier Sánchez || Dr. José Illnait || Dr. Rosa Mas ||Dr. Yohani Perez || Dr. Sarahí Mendoza || Dr. Lauren Cabrera|| Dr Lilia Fernández || BsC Meilis Mesa|| Dr. Julio Fernández || MsC Ambar Oyarzabal || Dr Vivian Molina || Sonia Jimenez|| Pablo Reyes
Page No.	::	31-40
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343031-40
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0343031040

Background. Oxidative stress (OS) contributes to brain reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. Policosanol, a mixture of 8 higher aliphatic sugarcane wax alcohols, has shown to protect against experimental brain ischemia. Objectives. To investigate the effect of policosanol plus aspirin (AS) therapy on the neurological outcome and plasma oxidative variables in patients post-ischemic stroke Methods. Post-ischemic stroke (≤ 30 days evolution) sufferers with a modified Rankin Scale score (mRSs) ≥2 - ≤4 were randomized to placebo or policosanol (20 mg/day) + aspirin (AS) (125 mg/day) (pla + AS) or placebo + AS (pla + AS) for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was to significantly increase the patients with a favourable stroke outcome (mRSs ≤1) versus pla +AS. Plasma oxidative markers (malondialdehyde –MDA-, sulphidril groups –SHG-, total antioxidant capacity –TAC-) were secondary variables. Results. Sixty-one (61) patients (mean age: 64 years) were randomized. No significant changes occurred with pla +AS. After 6 weeks on treatment poli + AS reduced significantly the mean mRSs value (p0.001 vs pla + AS), and this effect was not wear off, but enhanced, throughout the study. More (p0.0001) poli + AS patients (29/31, 93.5%) achieved mRSs values ≤1 at study completion as compared to pla + AS patients (2/30, 6.7%). Also, poli + AS treatment produced significant reductions of plasma MDA and SHG, while increased plasma TAC. Treatments were well tolerated. There were not study withdrawals. Conclusions. Poli + AS therapy improved the neurological recovery and favourably modified plasma oxidative markers versus pla + AS in patients post-ischemic stroke

 

KEYWORDS- Aspirin, Ischemic stroke, Oxidative stress, Policosanol, Rankin-modified scale, Stroke

[1] P. Amarenco, J. Bogousslavsky, L. Caplan, G. Donnan, and M. Hennerici, Classification of stroke subtypes, Cerebrovasc Dis, 27, 2009, 493-501.
[2] D. Amantea, G. Nappi, G. Bernardi, G. Bagetta, and M. Corasaniti, Post-ischemic brain damage: pathophysiology and role of inflammatory mediators, Febs J, 276, 2009, 13–26.
[3] P. Couillard, A.Y. Poppe and S.B. Coutts, Predicting recurrent stroke after minor stroke and transient ischemic attack, Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 7, 2009, 1273–1281.
Effects Of Policosanol Plus Aspirin Therapy...
36
[4] B. Schaller. Prospects for the future: the role of free radicals in the treatment of stroke, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 38, 2005, 411–425.
[5] S. Manzanero, T. Santro and T.V. Arumugam, Neuronal oxidative stress in acute ischemic stroke: Sources and contribution to cell injury. Neurochem Int, 62, 2013, 712-718.
[6] D.N. Kernagis and D.T. Laskowitz, Evolving role of biomarkers in acute cerebrovascular disease, Ann Neurol, 71, 2012, 289-303
[7] L. Nanetti, F. Raffaelli, A. Vignini, C. Perozzi, M. Silvestrini, M. Bartolini, et al, Oxidative stress in ischaemic stroke, Eur J Clin Invest, 41, 2011, 1318-1322.
[8] I. Ciancarelli, D. De Amicis, C. Di Massimo, A. Carolei and M.G. Ciancarelli, Oxidative stress in post- acute ischemic stroke patients after intensive neurorehabilitation, Curr Neurovasc Res, 9, 2012, 266- 273.
[9] I. Ciancarelli, C. Di Massimo, D. De Amicis, A. Carolei and M.G. Ciancarelli, Evidence of redox unbalance in post-acute ischemic stroke patients, Curr Neurovasc Res, 9, 2012, 85-90.
[10] C.X. Wang and A. Shuaib, Neuroprotective effects of free radical scavengers in stroke, Drugs and Aging, 24, 2007, 537–546

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Relationship between Health Expenditure and GDP in Developed Countries
Country	::	Tunisia
Authors	::	Miniar Ben Ammar Sghari || Sami Hammami
Page No.	::	41-45
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343041-45
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0343041045

This study uses international health care expenditure per capita data of 30 developed countries from 1975 to 2011 for exploring the causality between the real per capita health care expenditure (HCE) and real per capita GDP. The findings indicate that bidirectional Granger causality is predominant.

 

KEYWORDs: health care expenditure per capita, GDP per capita, developed countries, Granger causality

[1] Barro, R.J., 1991. Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics 196, 407–443.
[2] Bloom, D.E., Canning, D., Sevilla, J., 2001. The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence, (Working Paper 8587). National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.
[3] Breitung, J., 2000. The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. In: Baltagi, B. (Ed.), Advances in Econometrics, Vol. 15: Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels. JAI Press, Amsterdam, pp. 161–178.
[4] Buchinsky, M., 1998. Recent advances in quantile regression models: a practical guideline for empirical research. Journal of Human Resources 33 (1), 88–126.
[5] Choi, I., 2001. Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance 20, 249–272.
[6] Christopoulos, D.K., Tsionas, E.G., 2004. Financial development and economic growth: evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Development Economics 73, 55–74.
[7] Culyer, T.J., 1990. The Internal Market: An Acceptable Means to a Desirable End, Working Papers 067chedp. University of York, Centre for Health Economics.
[8] Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W.J., 1987. Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica 55, 251–276.
[9] Finkelstein, A., 2007. The aggregate effects of health insurance: evidence from the Introduction of Medicare. Quarterly Journal of Medicare 122 (1), 1–37.
[10] Fisher, R.A., 1932. Statistical Methods for Research Workers, 4th Edition. Oliver & Boyd,Edinburgh.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	New Phytosterols from the Seeds of Trigonella foenum-graceum L. of Sudanese Origin
Country	::	Saudia Arabia
Authors	::	Ahmed Sabir Abdelkarim || Mohd. Ali || Kamran J. Naquvi
Page No.	::	46-52
Paper Index	::	DOI :10.9790/3013-0343046-52
ANED	::	DOI : 05.3013/0343046052

Phytochemical investigation of Trigonella foenum-graceum L.(Fabaceae) seeds of Sudanese origin furnished with the isolation of four new phytoconstituents characterized as n-dotriacont-10-ene (4); p-menthane-2β,3α-diol-7-oic acid (5); (24S)-24α-ethyl-cholest-9(11)-en-3α-ol (6); (24S)-24α-ethyl cholest-9(11)-en-3α-ol-3β-D-ribopyranosido-(2′→1′′)-D-ribopyranosido-(2′′→1′′′)-D-ribopyranoside (7) along with three known compound β-sitosterol (1), its glucoside (2) and D-ribopyranosyl-(2→1′)-D-ribopyranoside (3).

 

KEYWORDS : Fenugreek, graecumsterol, phytosterols, Trigonella foenum-graecum, trigonellasteryl tririboside.

[1] C. A. Petropoulos. Fenugreek-The Genus Trigonella. 1st ed, (Taylor and Francis, London and New York, 2002, p 200).
[2] M.Y. Shang, S. Q. Cai, W. H. Lin, M. C. Wang and J. H. Park. Studies on chemical constituents from the seed of Trigonella
foenum-graecum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 27(4), 2002, 277-279.
[3] D. Wang, H. Sun, Y. Han, X. Wang and C. Yuan. Chemical constituents of the stems and leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum
L. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 22, 1997, 486-487.
[4] L. Fowden, H. M. Pratt and A. Smith. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine from seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum. Phytochemistry, 12, 1973,
1707–1711.
[5] A. Evidente, M. Fernandez-Aparicio, A. Andolfi, D. Rubiales and A. Motta. Trigoxazonane, a monosubstituted trioxazonane
from Trigonella foenum-graecum root exudate, inhibits Orobanche crenata seed germination. Phytochemistry, 68, 2007, 2487–
2492.
[6] R. K. Gupta, D. C. Jain, R. S. Thakur. Furostanol glycosides from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. Phytochemistry, 23, 1984,
2605–2607.
[7] R. K. Gupta, D. C. Jain, R. S. Thakur. Furostanol glycosides from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. Phytochemistry, 24, 1985,
2399–2401.
[8] R. K. Gupta, D. C. Jain, R. S. Two furostanol saponins from Trigonella foenum-graecum. Phytochemistry, 25, 1986, 2205–2207.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparative Study in Anterior Distal Hypospadias Reconstruction Utilizing Different Techniques (Mathieu and Snodgrass): Outcome, Complications and Failure Rate
Country	::	iraq
Authors	::	Dr. Mazin Adday Hasoon
Page No.	::	53-59
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343053-59
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0343053059

Purpose: To compare the outcomes of Mathieu and Snodgrass techniques in the repair of anterior distal shaft hypospadias Materials And Methods: From march 2012 to march 2013 .45 patients with the age(range1 to 12) years suffering from anterior distal shaft hypospadias, were assessed. Inclusion criteria were anterior distal shaft hypospadias, and exclusion criteria were association with chordee, circumcision, and surgical repair history.25 patients underwent surgical repair using Snodgrass technique and 20 patients, using Mathieu technique. Surgeries were performed by one single surgeon, acquainted with both techniques. Patients were examined 1 week, and 1 month after discharge. Data including duration of the surgery, stenting time and any kind of complications such as break down, meatal stenosis,and fistula formation were collected. Also, success Rate was calculated for every single patient and accordingly, the two groups were compared. Results: Mean operative time, were 74 ± 26.minutesin Mathieu group and106.11 ± 23.Minutesin Snodgrass group (P<0.05).stenting duration 6.8 ± 1.1 days, in Mathieu group and, 6.3 ± 0.8 daysin Snodgrass group(P >0.05). The rate of break down, meatal stenosis, and fistula formation were 10%, 0%,and 5% in Mathieu group and 4%, 8%, and 8% in Snodgrass group, respectively (P >0.05). Success rate was 88% in Snodgrass group and 85% in Mathieu group (P >0.05) Conclusion: In spite of some reports about preference for Snodgrass technique, we concluded that these techniques are as acceptable and as effective as each other for hypospodias repairing, regardless of cosmetic outcomes; however, we need further studies and larger sample sizes to determine which is the superior technique.

 

KEYWORDS :To compare the outcomes of Mathieu and Snodgrass techniques in the repair of anterior distal hypospadiasConclusion: In spite of some reports about preference for Snodgrass technique, we concluded that apart from the cosmetic outcome which is in favor of Snodgrass repair, both techniques are as acceptable and as effective as each other for hypospadias repair and the essence of success depends on surgeons experience, fine suture materials and the use of well vascularized intermediate (covering) layer

[1.] Beck C. Hypospadias and its treatment. SGO 1917;14:511.
[2.] Mills C, McGovern J, Mininberg D, et al. An analysis of different techniques for distal hypospadias repair: the price of perfection. J Urol 1981;125:701.
[3.] Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics 1997;100:831.
[4.] Nonomura K, Fuijeda K, Sakakibara N, et al. Pituitary and gonadal function in prepubertal boys with hypospadias. J Urol 1984;132:595.
[5.] Allen TD, Griffin JE. Endocrine studies in patients with advanced hypospadias. J Urol 1984;131:310.
[6.] Wiener JS, Teague JL, Roth DR, et al. Molecular biology and function of the androgen receptor in genital development. J Urol 1997;157:1377
[7.] Smulian JC, Scorza WE, Guzman ER, et al. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of midshaft hypospadias. Prenat Diagn 1996;16:276
[8.] Grumbach MM, Conte FA. Disorders of sex differentiation. In: Wilson JD, et al., eds. Williams' textbook of endocrinology, ed 9. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998.
[9.] Smith EP, Wacksman J. Evaluation of severe hypospadias. J Pediatr 1997;131:344.
Comparative Study In Anterior Distal …
59
[10.] Cote CJ, Zaslavsky A, Downes JJ, et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants after inguinal herniorrhaphy: a combined analysis. Anesthesiology 1995;82:809.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Types of Obesity and Its Effect on Blood Pressure of Secondary School Students in Rural and Urban Areas of Cross River State, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Lilian Eyam Eberechukwu, Eyam Sunday Eyam ,Emmanuel Nsan
Page No.	::	60-66
Paper Index	::	DOI : 10.9790/3013-0343060-66
ANED	::	DOI :05.3013/0343060066

A study to describe the types of obesity and its effect on blood pressure of secondary students in rural and urban areas of Cross River State(CRS) was carried out. The design of the study was a cross sectional descriptive survey involving the sampling of secondary school students within the age 12-21 in Cross River State, Nigeria. A simple random sampling was used to select four schools from 25 urban and 14 rural secondary schools in Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State. Systematic random sampling was used to draw a sample of 480 senior secondary students from a population of 6130 senior secondary students enrolled in 39 secondary schools in rural and urban areas of the study area. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Hip/Waist Ratio (HWP) were used to classify the different types of obesity in the study area. The result showed that there are different types (abdominal, peripheral, central and mixed types) of obesity among adolescents in the study area with mixed obesity been the highest and that the prevalence of obesity was higher in the urban than in the rural area.

 

KEYWORDS : waist hip ratio, body mass index, obesity, adolescent, abdominal, peripheral, and gluteal

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