Oral contraceptives are a simple form of contraception used by women worldwide. The oral contraceptive is one of the greatest and most influential developments of the twentieth century. It is regarded as the most reliable method of contraception, and one of the easiest. They are widely available in most pharmacies and chemist shops. This research priority included efforts to discover the effect of combined oral contraceptives(COC) (DUOFEM) on some cytokines in female wistar rats. Eighty (80) female wistar rats aged 10-12 weeks weighing 180-250 g were used for the study. They were divided into four groups of 20 rats each comprising 10 treated and 10 control rats. The treated rats received 0.6mg/kg body weight of COC intragastically for 36, 48, 60 and 72 days in five-day cycles (four-day treatment with one-day break). The COC was given intragastically in 5-day cycles (4-day treatment with 1-day break). All controls were given fresh water at ad libitum daily for the period of the experiment.The blood sample was drawn into plain tubes..An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the quantitative determination of Erythropoietin(EPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11). There were significant decrease in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11),but no significant change in Erythropoietin.While further study is necessary, current evidence suggest that COC (DUOFEM) use provides contraceptives benefits with minimal potential adverse effects in healthy users.
Key word: Combined Oral Contraceptives, Cytokines, Wistar rats.

[1]. There Were Significant Decrease In Interleukin-6 (IL-6) And Interleukin-11 (IL-11),But No Significant Change In Erythropoietin.While Further Study Is Necessary, Current Evidence Suggest That COC (DUOFEM) Use Provides Contraceptives Benefits With Minimal Potential Adverse Effects In Healthy Users.
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The ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed was investigated for its activity on selected haematological parameters of male wistar rats. Thirty (30) male wistar rats weighing 150.42 ± 3.98 were divided into three groups (I, II and III) comprising ten animals each. Animals in group I (control) received 0.5 ml of distilled water while those in groups II and III were administered 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively once daily. After 3 weeks of extract administration, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed. Same was done after 6 weeks. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrate, steroids and flavonoids. The lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. Results of this study revealed that the extract has no significant (p > 0.05) change on body weight. However the weight of testes decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in groups II and III after 3 weeks of administration. The change in weight was not significant (p > 0.05) at 6 weeks of administration. The weight of the epdididymis increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group III after 6 weeks of administration. Serum testosterone levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group III after 3 weeks and groups II and III after 6 weeks of administration. The administration of the extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm count in groups II and III at 3 weeks and group III at 6 weeks. Sperm motility increased significantly (p < 0.05) whereas percentage of abnormal sperms decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in groups II and III at 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. This study has shown that administration of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of G kola ethanolic extract for 6 weeks enhances sperm characteristics in wistar rats.
KEY WORDS- Garcinia kola, Reproductive Parameters, Ethanolic Extract, Enhancing Effects

[1]. Adedeji, O. S., Farinu, G. O., Ameen, S. A. and Olayeni, T. B. (2006). The effects of dietary bitter kola (Garcinia kola) inclusion on body weight, hematology andsurvival rate of pullet chicks. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(3): 184-185
[2]. Adesanya, O. A., Oluyemi, K. A., Olusori, D. A., Omotuyi, I. O., Okwuonu, C. U.,UkwenyaO.V., Adesanya, A. A. (2007). Micromorphometric andStereological effects of ethanolicextracts of Garciniacambogia seeds on the testes and epididymides of adult wistar rats. International Journal of Alternate Medicine, 5(1): 1-9.
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[4]. Agbai E.O., Ofoego U.C., Nwanegwo C.O. and Nwodo F.N.(2013).Increased doseconcentration of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed impairs reproductivefunction in adult male albino wistar rats. Journal of Science andMultidisciplinary Research, 5(1): 197-210

Fatty acids (FAs) and sterols represent the most important fraction of edible oils and fats, which play a significant role in human nutrition and health. A gas chromatographic method for the identification and quantification of FAs and sterols based on the extraction of lipids by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), saponification of the obtained extract, and direct determination of the isolated FAs and sterols without derivatization, was developed and validated. The proposed method was accurate and precise (mean recovery in the range 80.8% to 98.2%, precision with RSD < 8.6%; LOQ < 0.86 mg/kg; measurement uncertainty < 14.8%). This method was applied for the determination of the most abundant FAs and sterols in the total diet. The obtained results showed that the most abundant FA in the total diet is monounsaturated C18:1 with 34.5% of the total FAs. The lowest presence was observed for the short chain FAs: C4:0 – C12:0 (6.4%). Cholesterol was found to be the most abundant sterol in the diet (57.5%). The total amount of the plant sterols in the diet was found to be 42.5%.
KEYWORDS: gas chromatography, fatty acid, sterol.

[1]. De Heer EW, Gerrits MMJG, Beekman ATF, Dekker J, van Marwijk HWJ, et al. (2014) The Association of Depression and Anxiety with Pain: A Study from NESDA. PLoS ONE 9(10): e106907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106907
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[5]. William M. Lydiatt, Jessica Moran, and William J. Burke. A Review of Depression in the Head and Neck Cancer Patient. Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology. 2009; 7(6): 397-403.
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Diverticulosis or diverticular disease of having diverticula in the colon, more common in the sigmoid colon a common place for increased pressure. Prevalence of diverticular disease increases with age,30% over 45 years and 60% of those over 70 years, more prominent in western society. Advance age, constipation, low dietary fiber, the fiber theory is unproven, and connective tissue disorders are contributory factors in colonic diverticulosis. The diverticula formation thought to be caused by increased intraluminal pressure and weakening of bowel wall. Clinical manifestations of colonic diverticulosis include acute, uncomplicated or complicated diverticulosis. Diagnosis of acute diverticulitis mainly by clinical evaluation with other alternative conditions excluded. Plain films of abdomen, computed tomography (CT), contrast enema, endoscopy, and ultrasonographyare helpful in clinical diagnosis. Frequently isolated pathogens include Bacteroides spp, Peptostreptococcus, spp .Enterobacteriaceae,viridans streptococci,and enterococci. Therapy includes oral hydration and 7-10 days oral broad spectrum antibiotics. Surgical evaluation is indicated in patients with uncontrolled sepsis, generalized peritonitis, acute deterioration, persistent obstruction, and failure to respond to medical therapy.

Keywords: Diverticulosis, Diverticulitis, Risk factors, Diagnosis, and Management.

[1]. Sifri CD,Lawrence CM.Diverticulitis and Typhlitis.In Mandell,Douglas and Benntte'sPrinciples and Practice of Infectious Diseases,7th ed.Mandell GL,Bennette JE,Dolin R(editors).Churchill Livingstone Elsevier,2010.
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[8]. Miura S,Kodaira S,Shatari T,et al.Recent trends in diverticulosis of the right colon in Japan:retrospective review in aregional hospital.Dis Colon Rectum.2000;43:1383-89

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vitamin-like substance with potent antioxidant activity. MMP-9 is one of the major proteins in the family of matrix metalloproteinases involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling . MMP-9 is modulated by oxidative stress and its activity was found to increase considerably in indomethacin-induced ulcers .

Keywords: CoQ10 , MMP-9 , NSAID, Gastropathy.

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The inflammation is a biologically action on living tissue heomeostasis. Acute inflammation causes by bacterial infection, tissue necrosis and sign of inflammation are heat (calor), pain (dolor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumour) and loss of function (functio laesa). The inflammation produces by prostaglandins, serotonin, and cytokines. NSAIDs are used in treatment of Inflammation. The Azadirachta indica also produce anti inflammatory activity. The ethanolic extract (100mg/kg) of leave of neem plant are showed anti inflammatory activity in albino rats. The Diclofenac(5mg/kg) standard drug used in the experimental degion. The phlogistic agent (0.1 ml of 1.0% carrageenan) was used for induce inflammation in subplanter region of hind paw in wistar rats. The Diclofenac showed best anti inflammatory activity as compared as to ethanolic leaves extract of neem. The diclofenac drug is more effective as compared to neem leave extract.

Keywords: Inflammation, redness, tissue necrosis, prostaglandins.

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[5]. Finckh, A. et al, Early inflammatory arthritis versus rheumatoid arthritis, Current opinion in rheumatology, 2009; 1(21): 118-123.

This study aimed to prepare the protein extract of bambara nut seeds, characterize and apply as a reagent for Skin Prick Test (SPT). Bambara nut protein was extracted from seeds flour of Bambara nut by isoelectric precipitation then analyzed by using SDS-PAGE. The protein extract was formulated into a SPT reagent and met the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia Monograph on Allergen Products 7 (2010:1063). The SPT reagent was applied on 11 adult subjects who have been suffered food allergies and 9 adult individuals non food allergies. Sera of subjects were collected to measure the IgE total and specific IgE- binding. Immunobloting were also performed on sera of bambara nut allergies. The number of bands were detected in protein extract of bambara nut were 14 bands with the molecular weight of 17-122 kDa. The SPT results suggest that diameter of wheal were ≥ 5 mm. Sensitivity of extract bambara nut protein was 91% and a negative error of 9%, whereas specificity of those was 100% and an error rate of positive diagnosis occurrence at 0%. Two sera subjects of these bambara nut allergic participants showed the specific binding to allergen of bambara nut.

Keywords: bambara nut, skin prick test, spesific IgE-binding, sensitivity, specificity

[1]. I. O. Steve, O. M. Temitope, and O. B. Stephen, Chemical, functional and sensory properties of roasted bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranean L . Verdc ) and cooking banana ( Musa spp ., ABB genome ) weaning diet, J. Food Sci., 3 (5), 2009, 139–146.
[2]. A. A. Olaleye, E. I. Adeyeye, and A. J. Adesina, Chemical composition of bambara groundnut (V. subterranea L . Verdc ) seed parts, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 2013, 167-178,
[3]. Y. Y. Muhammad, Exploring the potential of Bambara groundnut, an underutilised African legume species, towards food security in Africa, African J. of Agricultural Science and Technology (AJAST) 2 (11), 2014, 201-204.
[4]. L. Heinzerling, A. Mari, K.-C. Bergmann, M. Bresciani, G. Burbach, U. Darsow, S. Durham, W. Fokkens, M. Gjomarkaj, T. Haahtela, A. T. Bom, S. Wöhrl, H. Maibach, and R. Lockey, The skin prick test - European standards, Clin. Transl. Allergy, 3(3), 2013.
[5]. S.R. Durham and M.K Church, Principles of allergy (Mosby Elsevier China: Elsevier, 2006).

Celiac disease (CD Non tropical sprue, gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a malabsorpton disease due to an allergic reaction to gluten (cereal grain protein) which is presenting in wheat, rye and barley and causing small intestine mucosal injury. The onset is in the first four decades of life mainly. It may be associated with a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations including cerebellar ataxia, epileptic seizures, dementia, neuropathy, myopathies and multifocal leucoencephalopathy.

Keywords: celiac disease, cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, cognitive impairment.

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